Entertainment Industry Essay

1. ENTERTAINMENT INDUSTRY †¢2. INTRODUCTION The story of single-screen theatre has reached its sad end in India. Multi-screen theaters have opened new vistas for the entertainment industry. After the entry of corporate titans like Reliance, the scenario of entertainment services has become more professional than ever. These theaters have changed the entire movie-going experience. †¢3. Multiplexes currently constitute 4-5 % of the 12,900 screens in India, the industry has a long way to go. This is just the beginning of multiplex revolution. In multiplex segment, PVR is the market leader in India. Besides, there are other major players like: Adlabs, Waves, Inox Leisures, Cinemax, Fame etc. These multi-screen theaters have started more facilities for customers like: online ticket booking, attractive sales promotion schemes, home delivery of tickets, SMS booking, toll-free calling services etc. †¢4. CUSTOMER RELATION MANAGEMENT Customer relationship management (CRM) is a broadly recognized, widely-implemented strategy for managing a company’s interactions with customers , clients and sales prospects. †¢5. PHASES The three phases in which CRM support the relationship between a business and its customers are to: Acquire : CRM can help a business acquire new customers through contact management, direct marketing , selling, and fulfillment. Enhance : web-enabled CRM combined with customer service tools offers customers service from a team of sales and service specialists, which offers customers the convenience of one-stop shopping. Retain : CRM software and databases enable a business to identify and reward its loyal customers and further develop its targeted marketing and relationship marketing initiatives. †¢6. STRATEGY For larger-scale enterprises, a complete and detailed plan is required to obtain the funding, resources, and company-wide support that can make the initiative of choosing and implementing a system successful. Benefits must be defined, risks assessed, and cost quantified in three general areas: PROCESSES PEOPLE TECHNOLOGY †¢7. The 7 P’s of Multiplex Cinemas PROCESS PROMOTION PHYSICAL EVIDENCE PEOPLE PLACE PRICE PRODUCT THE MARKETING MIX †¢8. ENTERTAINMENT INDUSTRY This can be explained properly with the bifurcation below. Traditional live entertainment industry : Theater Play writers Actors and Theater directors Music industry Composers and Songwriters Singers and Musicians Orchestras Publication industry Authors Journalists Publishers Printers The 20th century mass media industry : Film studios Cinemas Broadcasting Record industry Theme parks Discothà ¨ques †¢9. WHAT IS A MULTIPLEX INDUSTRY Multiplex is a medium that offers a person composite entertainment comprising of a one stop destination to shop, entertain, and dine and watch a Varity of movies under a common roof. Multiplex are one of the means of lifestyle that offer to viewers the choice of watching a movie in a five star or three star environment. †¢10. SOME FACTS ABOUT MULTIPLEXES Presently there are approximately 13000 screens in India with equal number of space available for the same amount of theatres to be opened. Multiplexes in India are given benefits for their development as they form a major part of the entertainment industry. Benefits such as overall tax concession, reduction in entertainment tax and so on are provided by the govt. †¢11. COMPETITIVE RIVALRY WITHIN THE INDUSTRY THREATS OF NEW ENTRANTS THREATS OF SUBSTITUTES BARGAINING POWER OF CUSTOMERS BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS PORTER’S FIVE FORCE MODEL †¢12. PROBLEMS FACED BY THE INDUSTRY- Indiscipline among filmmakers. This made the industry fragmented and disorganized. Piracy leading to massive losses for the industry. Lack of resources in terms of finance, human etc. Lack of corporatized management. Limited studio space and lack of security lending to an expensive foreign locales resulting in drain of resources. Reluctance of financial institutions to fund non asset based ventures Lack of expertise to handle latest equipments. †¢13. Services Provided Multiplexes provides the user, Entertainment-related information Pricing Availability Reservations for ticket for its cineplexes. Theatre Environment Auditorium Seating Restrooms Parking Area Film Presentation Sound Quality Picture Quality Volume Food Service Cleanliness of Snack Bar Selection of Concessions Taste/Temp of Food Item Personnel Ticket Cashier Snack Bar Attendant Handling of Problems †¢14. SWOT ANALYSIS OF ENTERTAINMENT INDUSTRY STRENGHTS most booming sectors in India Change in the lifestyle and spending patterns of the Indian masses on entertainment. Technological innovations WEAKNESSES 1. The Entertainment sector in India is highly fragmented. 2. The lack of efforts for media penetration in lower socio-economic classes, where the media penetration is low. 3. The film exhibition business’s fortunes depend on the success of the films they are showing 4. Rapid development of digital technology and the advancement in the broadband and networking space 5. Low margins and seasonal factors in the movie exhibition . †¢15. OPPORTUNITIES The Indian film industry is the largest film industry in the world in terms of no. of films produced and tickets sold each year expecting growth will be continued in coming years. The increasing interest of global investors in this sector. The media penetration is poor for the poorer sections of the society, offering opportunities of expansion in this area Rise in viewership and advertisement expenditure. THREATS Piracy, violation of intellectual property rights poses a major threat to media and entertainment concerns. Rapid innovations in technological sector. Increased competition with other entertainment sector like IPL, affect the occupancy rate in theatre. †¢16. Research Objective The major objective of this research was to determine the factors that constitute the bases of customer relationship management (CRM) wrt.two multiplexes in Noida city Waves and Adlabs. †¢17. Research Methodology The study was an explanatory meant for the purpose of investigation of factors that constitute the foundation of CRM in entertainment sector. Based on these factors , Adlabs and waves multiplexes were compared .this reserch was conducted on 100 movies-goers in noida (50 visitors of Adlabs and 50 of Waves ) which included students , business men , executives, family etc. †¢18. Tool For Data Collection And Analysis For primary data collection , a self administered and non disguised five point scale questionnaire containing 21 statements was used For the research , some hypothesis were formulated and tested for significance to prove the objective in scientific manner. †¢19. Results and Discussions Ambience: this factor was constituted of level of comfort in multiplex , fully air conditioned hall, plush and comfort chairs. Amenities: This factor constituted customer friendly services , food joints , drinking water facilities , neat and clean toilets and kid zone etc .. †¢20. Speedy services : This factor constituted spped of ticket booking , facility of quick location of speed , speed of services in restaurnant . Staffs cooperativeness: This factor constituted the friendly behaviour by staff, their problem solving attitude . †¢21. Online services : The factor constituted the range of online services provided by multiplex , online ticket booking and online payment system. Infrastructure : The factor constituted infrastructural components like building and other facilities. †¢22. Conclusion and Implications The study has determined six factors: ambience amenities speedy services staffs cooperativeness online service and  infrastructure. The result of this study can be of use for multiplex theatres via-a-vis single screen theatres. This study can be made on large sample and comparison across various cities can be done. However, this study is limited to noida city only . The study has wide implications for the industry in specific. Much work can be done towards strengthening CRM practices in multiple segments in INDIA .

Ten Years from Now Plan

To-Do List What am I/ are we going to become ten years from now? Quite a cliched question indeed, but sometimes thinking about the distant future actually drives hopeful people just like me to continue pushing and thriving despite the hard challenges that come our way. Nevertheless, contemplating on the future doesn’t always come easy since no one really knows if it will ever go the way we think it would. Moreover, I, personally, fear the future in the sense that it bears the inevitable ends, not only for our lives but ends to our dreams, ambitions, careers, and even all of the most mundane or plain psychological sentiments we have (i. . family, friends, acquaintances). However, no one seems to successfully come around and run away from the meditation of what is yet to come in our lives with no limits as to whether we envision it 5 minutes from now or 10 years, or whether we believe it to come as affirmative, serendipitous events or devastating mishaps. As for me, I envision m yself as a happy and most probably, simple individual who has finished most of the plans he has made and set as his life was slowly expended on each day that passed by.These plans would not only involve the actual completion of a series of courses I would really love to graduate from, namely, my current course, Chemistry, then through medicine, and hopefully, psychology. It would also involve having to work in a prime organization which pays relatively huge sums of money for some meager job I have to accomplish (childish really), to travel to Japan and settle for a residence there, to build a hospital or a dance studio, and lastly, to help my family back and give my parents, especially, a peaceful and ‘justified’ retirement.Although I have stated my family last, these plans generally come in an importance based on the convenience of having them completed as soon, simply meaning first come first serve. Those previously stated would actually have to be thought of happenin g, or at least as I hope for, in the more distant future say beyond 9 or even 10 years from now. For sooner, my plans or prospect of the future would be to acquire a decent paying job early as next year while I continue my studies. I would also learn more on spending time to enhance my abilities such as dancing, wherein I truly am looking forward to becoming part of a crew.About 4 to 5 years from now, I also envision myself to become a fully pledged independent citizen of the country, though this may start already as early as next year when I am already turning 18 years of age. Now, I am actually quite focusing on my becoming of age more, because only then will I see (and maybe even actually feel) the paths that will truly be for me and from then purge all of my half-assed plans which I try to pursue but only later realize that I am not truly cut for it.As much as I want to draft completely a strict and effective plan for a future I shall tread with these steps called the present, t he future will remain a mere contemplation of any man living in this very instantaneous moment if all he does is to draft it like this because the future is an ever dynamic entity that lives and breathes out of our own motivations in the instantaneous moments we live on. Well, as hopeful and motivated as my plans sound, I only wish that I will be as aroused later as now so that these and even greater accomplishments can unfold in the near or distant future.And as muddled and unorganized these thoughts of mine may be, which were only forced articulations of what my plans are for the future, I have only three goals for the future and that is to work for it, then to become as happy, satisfied and free as I want, dream, wish, hope, work, and even need to be and also to share as much of what I will have or feel to as many people around me as I can, or plainly, work, achieve, and share. Simple are the goals of a ripening child like me, yet difficult and complicated are the ways to the acq uirement of each desired fruit.

Banking Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Banking - Case Study Example From this paper it is clear that  in 1927, Congressman Louis McFadden moved a bill that was later enacted into law. This new law allowed commercial banks to spread and open more branches to the extent that was permitted by the laws of the state in which it was operating. This meant that if the laws of a state allowed opening of new branches in any location within the state, then the bank was allowed to do so. In another instance, if a state’s laws allow opening of branches within the current city of location, then a commercial bank was not allowed to open branches in other cities. However, this Act did not allow commercial banks to open branches across different states. This Act had the effect of allowing for geographical growth of commercial banks and they were able to compete with federal-owned banks.As the discussion stresses  the sponsors of this Act were motivated by the events that were happening then in the banking sector. It was after the economy had experienced a crisis in the stock market sector of the economy which was followed by the Great Depression. It had been previously discovered that monies had been borrowed from mainstream commercial banks for speculation purposes in the stock market. After the stock market crisis, many banks went at a loss and it was discovered that there was need to separate the two areas of the trade. The Glass-Steagall Act made into law that commercial banks will only deal with deposits and loans while investment banks will deal with only stock trading.

Marketing a Product Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing a Product - Research Paper Example Below is a logo of Nike where all Nike’s products bear this logo. As a product, all shoes manufactured by Nike bears its logo. The logo distinguishes Nike from other companies’ products. The logo is attractive to the clients and stands out as the best athletics wear (Lamb, Hair & McDaniel 2008). In some cases, the client feels proud when wearing the shoes since it instills self confidence. As such, Nikes products cannot be compared with other rival companies such as Puma. Also, place stands out as part of the 4p’s of marketing. Nike products are made in Nike town. This is one company where every single detail reads Nike. On the other hand, Nike shoes are distributed by Nike stores as independent distributors who are located in different countries globally (Teece, 2010). In this case, the creation of different places to sell their products makes it easy for many people to access these shoes. Thus, there is a possibility of clients getting a Nike shoe across the globe. The price is also part of the 4 p’s. Given that Nike is an already trusted and established product, their shoes can sell at the highest dollar. As a result, Nike uses cost-based pricing. Also, Nike shoes price is competitive in nature to outshine their rivals in the sportswear (Lamb, Hair & McDaniel 2008). The pricing is a premium segment based and targets customers while pricing utilizes vertical integration such that at the lowest level there are more operations compared to upper level. Promotion is also outlined as an essential part of the 4 p’s of marketing. Nike has excelled in its promotions and their print promotions are simple but they give a very powerful message. For example, Nike can use an athlete to advertise a new brand of shoes. Also, Nike sometimes sponsors sporting event with the aim of promoting its products (Teece, 2010). Another

Is Wal-mart a net asset or a net liability to U.S. workers Research Paper

Is Wal-mart a net asset or a net liability to U.S. workers - Research Paper Example Other businesses in this part, for example Target, have identified the alterations in gas charges to double-check clients that their charges will be even better. Wal-Mart did the identical thing by supplying value services and discounts (Luce 2005 187-204). This submission is an equitably balanced even offer as well. Because the 2006 report was high, it entails that Wal-Mart had powerful sales, on the other hand, the percentage is even higher for 2007 propose that sales this year were even better, which stops too much supply left. Wal-Mart is founded in part on the obligation to assist run their every day sales. Analyzing the liability they use, it was advised more of liability utilized in 2007 in evaluation with 2006. Total liability in 2006 was 1,592 in evaluation with $ 2.007 billion in 2007. Debt ratio for 2007 was 30% in evaluation to 25%. It does not notify us too much on liability administration in esteem of each year. Increased from 5%, which notifies us that there is a requi rement for more liability, but not seriously? This displays that, in evaluation with 2006, the business has stayed steady in periods of assets relation to liability, and assets have expanded as well (Preinreich 2008 219-241). This may be rather deceptive, since the liability has expanded from less than $ 500 million. Since this business does well, it is conspicuous that this number should extend to drop, suggests that the business does well. Since lenders address these accounts to glimpse if the business will manage good agreements on their borrowings and bonds, it is imperative that Wal-Mart extends to convey those figures down. Reports and numbers to assess the total snare earnings of Wal-Mart were so straightforward to work out because of the advantages before, in 2007 in evaluation with 2006. Net earnings margin was 0,057 to 1 in 2007, as snare earnings of $ 2,016,000, while total incomes amounted to 35.214 million. Net margin ratio in 2006 was 0,055 to 1. This connection is sig nificant for investors because it displays how much earnings is made for $ 1 of income. As the earnings was good in 2006, it is conspicuous that the earnings was established earnings was affirmative, in detail, there are considerable profits. ROI was furthermore affirmative in 2007 due to snare income. Return on assets was 0.30 to 1 in 2007, in evaluation with 0.33 to 1 in 2006. ROI is utilized to display how to organize Wal-Mart to develop income. It is conspicuous that in 2007, this work has been finished a little better than in 2006. For investors, it is significant to understand how the administration business does, and it is conspicuous that the authority of Wal-Mart desire to save what they manage, because it devotes you a very good profit. Return on equity Wal-Mart is furthermore a bit better. In 2007, come back on equity was contradictory in 30% in evaluation with come back on equity for 2006 was 28%. For evaluation, in 2007 was much better than in 2006 due to snare income. This evaluation displays that in 2007; shareholders obtained a decent allowance of come back on their investments for the year 2006 shareholders, who have won, but not as much as in 2007. In supplement, a powerful sign that even in 2006, investors extend to invest in this business in 2006 (Fishman 2006 45-69). Currently, the cost per share

BUSINESS REPORT Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

BUSINESS REPORT - Research Paper Example The final recommendation is thereafter included in the conclusion. Wells Fargo and Company has its headquarters at 420 Montgomery Street, San Francisco, California. The firm’s forerunner was founded in 1852 in New York City by Henry Wells and William Fargo. It was originally conceived as a â€Å"banking and express services† company, it eventually began offering services in the West where miners, farmers and ranchers, had begun to migrate. In 1888, began offering â€Å"Ocean to Ocrean Services,† consisting of banking and express services to target the needs of pioneers in the Gold Rush. Even during its early beginnings in the 1850s, Wells Fargo already served and employed African Americans, Latinos, and women (today, about two-thirds of the banks employees are female, among whom are some of the Company’s top ranking executives. Through the years the bank has grown in tandem with American History. As of 31 December 2010, the company had 9,000 banking stores located all in 39 U.S. states and the District of Columbia. The firm is one of the major publicly listed companies under the Industry Center classification Money Center Banks. It is a diversified financial holding company that extends, through its different subsidiaries, banking services for retail, commercial, and corporate clientele mostly in the United States. It is strategically segmented into three areas: Community Banking, Wholesale Banking, and Wealth, Brokerage and Retirement. The firm operates in a highly competitive industry which is prone to shocks and presently undergoing adjustment to meet tighter regulatory standards under Basel III. In the United States, the passage of the Dodd-Frank [Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection] Act promises to impose more stringent controls to avoid a repetition of the previous financial crisis. In the following tables are

Leadership in Health Care Organizations Practicum Coursework - 14

Leadership in Health Care Organizations Practicum - Coursework Example Our entire organization was sealed in a way for the safety precaution purpose. Along with my team, especial health team was also overlooking the patient’s case. We were either prohibited to approach the patient unnecessarily. When I and my team went to give the initial treatment to the patient, then I examine that it might not be small pox. I immediately inform my leader to run some blood tests, before beginning the small pox precaution treatment. My leader humiliated me, and disagreed. Patient’s condition was not getting better with the given treatment. His condition was getting more critical. I hardly managed to conduct some tests of patient, to come up with a proof. I presented the tests result to my leader with a proof that, it is some other skin allergy containing identical signs of small pox. I asked my leader to agree with my observation, trust and stop the wrong medical treatment. On getting the patient worst, my leader eventually gave importance to my evaluatio n and made the especial health control team to cope up with me. As soon as the treatment given to the patient was replaced, it confirmed the misjudgment of small pox taken by my leader. Patient’s overall condition got stable and in control. Patient had some other skin disease, which was absolutely treatable. I was glad that my leader put down his stubbornness for a while, by giving the significance to my experience so far. That was the time, I really felt myself well acknowledged and educated in my working field. Leader can’t always be right. Sometimes the situations come across, which could probably mislead a leader’s examination over his team members. By doing the right thing at the right time, we as a team were successful in saving the life of our patient. Our organization was unsealed, and the inside working was switch onto usual. The outcome which can be taken by this experience is that, humility is

The Criminal Trial Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Criminal Trial - Essay Example When the trial begins, the prosecution and the defense make their opening statements to the jury. The purpose of these statements are to â€Å"provide an outline of the case that each side expects to prove (Bergman & Barrett, 2009).† The statements only include what the attorneys know that they can present to the jury. The prosecutor then presents its principal case by means of direct examination of prosecution witnesses by the prosecutor themselves. At this time, the defense is allowed to cross-examine the prosecution witnesses; the prosecution is then allowed to re-examine its witnesses. After this procedure, the prosecution is done with presenting their case. The defense is then given the chance to dismiss the charges if they feel that the prosecution failed at providing enough relevant evidence to support a guilty verdict for the person being charged. The judge denies the motion to dismiss, an act that is rare but still seen. It is now the defense’s turn to present their case through means of direct examination of the defense witnesses. The prosecutor is given the opportunity to cross-examine the defense witnesses, followed by a re-examination of the defense witnesses. The defense is then finished presenting their case. The prosecution gives its closing argument, â€Å"summarizing the evidence as the prosecution sees it and explaining why the jury should render a guilty verdict (Neubauer, 2010).† The defense makes a similar closing argument, though they explain to the jury why they should not render a guilty verdict, or, at the very least, declare a guilty verdict on a lesser charge, known as a plea bargain. The prosecution is offered a final closing argument if they wish to argue their plausible evidence that supports a guilty verdict. The jury is given instructions by the judge on what law to apply to the case and how they should carry out their duties. The jury deliberates and attempts to reach a verdict; in most cases, a unanimous agreement

Socrates Philosophy Essay Example for Free

Socrates Philosophy Essay And now, Athenians, I am not going to argue for my sake, as you may think, but for yours, that you may not sin against the god, or lightly reject his favor by condemning me. For if you kill me you will not easily find another like me, who, if I may use such a ludicrous figure of speech, am a sort of gadfly, given to the state by the god; and the state is like a great and noble steed who is tardy in his motions owing to his very size, and requires to be stirred into life. (Socrates, The Apology) Socrates also refers to himself as a gadfly because he bites, and buzzes at the self-satisfied, which, indebted them to consider matters of virtue. He is also like a gadfly because he is likely to get swatted away because of his bite or words of wisdom. His job was to sting the sleeping horse of the Athenian conscious into wakefulness. Socrates said he was doing a service to the Athenian people by bringing them into reality. What Socrates meant by bringing them into reality was that he was enriching the people with questions and problems that made them think. He wanted them to think for themselves and not just agree with other people like the rich and powerful. He wanted the people to not be scared to think for themselves and he wanted them to learn. When Socrates refers to himself as a gadfly during his trial, he means that he is like an examiner of things. He said that he was given to the state by the god.(Socrates, The Apology) He means by this that he was put here to ask questions to examine life and its surroundings. Socrates is like a gadfly because he pesters his objects or people to hopelessness. He asked so many questions and his questions were so profound and intense, that many people became annoyed at him because they probably could not answer them because they were either too scared to answer them (because they knew that Socrates would probably ask another question on top of the first question if they were able to answer it), or they were just to confused to answer the question Socrates had asked. When Socrates referred himself to a gadfly, it opened up a window to new generations of philosophers who, acted like gadflies themselves. Everywhere we look, we see humanitys philosophical side waking up. People nowa days are asking more questions. I think one of the biggest philosophical questions is where did we come from? Why are we here? What is the meaning of life? From Socrates, we have learned a way to ponder these questions and to come up with our own answers. The role of philosophy is important because people need to ask questions to understand life and reality and what is going on around them. I think that asking questions and trying to find the answers to them makes our souls grow and be healthy. We need a healthy soul to be alive. Socrates wanted people to not be ignorant because he said that was unhealthy for the soul. The only way to not be ignorant is to ask questions. And that is exactly what Socrates did. I think that the whole ordeal of Socrates says that the conduct of philosophy changes. Philosophers conduct themselves in a manner to which they are essential and irreplaceable because of their minds, they have a great presence about them, and they dont criticize others for their beliefs, except for Socrates. On the other hand, people who listen to philosophers or go against them, sometimes are rude, they are ignorant, and they dont understand the point a philosopher is trying to make. The conduct of philosophy depends on the person and how they view things. The conduct of philosophy is like the conduct of gadflies because many people get annoyed by the philosophers because of their questions. By how in depth the questions are and by how many questions the philosophers ask. Some people think that philosophers are bothersome. In conclusion, I think all of these things and other things help to define what philosophy is today. If we didnt have people like Socrates and Plato and other great philosophers, where would we be to day in the realm of philosophy? Would people actually want or learn to question certain subjects? I think that if they hadnt ever been born, then we wouldnt think for our selves, or think great thoughts. We would be living in a pretty boring world.

The City Planners and the Planners Essay Example for Free

The City Planners and the Planners Essay In ‘The City Planners’ by Margaret Atwood and ‘The Planners’ by Boey Kim Cheng, both poet uses the structure of the poem and language techniques to form the difference between the place itself and its identity. The uniformity between these two poems is the feelings of the poet expresses for this place. In ‘The City planners’ Atwood describes the place as â€Å"dry August sunlight†, this portrays an imagery of no lighting, dark and negative and also suggests to the readers that she do not like where she are. Similarly, in â€Å"The Planners† where the poet expresses to the readers that he dislikes the atmosphere because â€Å"All spaces are gridded† which gives an imagery of there is no free space around this area. Both the poet highlights the identity of the city is perfect but in a negative way. Atwood uses sibilance in â€Å"cutting a straight swath in the discouraged grass. † This emphasizes that even nature is not freely grown, and it must get permission from the planners. Of no difference in â€Å"The Planners† Cheng also uses nature and the same language techniques of sibilance o â€Å"skies surrender† which is suggesting the buildings are so high that the sky is scared of it. The city gives a feeling of unpleasant but the image of the city seemed to be perfect. Both poet is starting to introduce to the readers that the city is not as perfect as they have seen, they expresses the feeling of resentment. In â€Å"The City Planners† Atwood uses sibilance of â€Å"the roofs all display the same slant’ this portrays an imagery of the roof is facing the same way. The words â€Å"same slant† which hints that the house is all the same, the image of the house, the direction its facing, and also the lighting is coming from the same way. The surrounding of this place, gives a feeling of boring and lost. Because everything is the same and she cannot recognise where she is and when will the journey is going to finish. In â€Å"The Planners’ Cheng uses personification of â€Å"The country wears perfect rows of shining teeth†, this creates an imagery of the city itself is looking so perfect but with â€Å"dental dexterity† which suggesting that the powerful people ‘they’ are creating a perfect image for the city. Both poem refers to the place is not in beauty itself and when you spend more time and being very focus at it, you will realise its flaws. Atwood and Cheng use structure of the poem to highlight the exact opposite between the place and its image. Atwood is contradicting what she said in the beginning of the poem where nature is not allowed to be grown anywhere they like. But toward the end of the poem Atwood says that the â€Å"houses, capsized, will slide†, this listing creates a strong feeling of fearfulness and how danger is this place in the future. But â€Å"right now nobody notices. † Atwood finishes the poem of using contradictions that the â€Å"panic of suburb† which hints that this place is getting closer the problem. Cheng uses irony in â€Å"The Planners† where â€Å"history is new again†, history is something that is true which is happening in the pass. No one can change history. The planners can only change the image (identity) of the place but they can never change its pass. History is something that will remain in people’s mind as memory and therefore they can remember it forever. Both poems show the difference between the identity and its background and what the place really are. Atwood and Cheng express the difference of the identity to itself of the place. The contradictions and irony hints that the image of the place and itself can be very different. Give the message to the readers that do not judge a someone or a something by its appearance because the external may look perfect but its internal or the interior can be vice versa.

Potential Bottlenecks in Implementing MCTS in Odisha.

Potential Bottlenecks in Implementing MCTS in Odisha. Introduction Mother and child tracking system (MCTS) is the online software used by the National Health Mission (NHM), formerly National Rural Health Mission (NRHM), for tele-monitoring Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) services delivered by the Government of India(1). It is an innovation of Health and Family Welfare (HFW) department supported by the National Health Mission(2). This software was conceived way back in 2008 to increase the coverage of RCH services. Left out and drop out beneficiaries for various services, including immunization, can be tracked name wise using this system. Using this software, beneficiary wise and even health unit wise relevant information can be retrieved from any location by any health or associated authority by logging on to the system using the username and password provided to him/her(3). It can greatly reduce the death rates of infant and mother and even reduce total fertility rates through an attempt to provide universal coverage of services. The origin of the concept is linked to the tracking of ‘due’ beneficiaries in immunization sessions using the tracking bag(4) at the sub-center. The tracking bag consists of 14 pockets, of which 12 are meant for 12 months in the year and two more meant for children with complete and incomplete immunization status respectively. Due beneficiaries for a particular month are tracked using counterfoils which would be kept in the pockets for the particular month. MCTS utilizes two formats for capturing data for new beneficiaries– Format I and Format II. The former one is meant for mothers and the latter is for children born of these mothers. Once a woman is detected to be pregnant, she is registered with the health system in the MCTS register so as to receive all the free health services and details are captured in the format I. The data are then sent every week, via the supervisors to the block level, for online data entry into the MCTS. The same is also done for all newborn babies using format II. Services received by the beneficiaries are supposed to be maintained in the Mother and Child Protection (MCP) card provided to the beneficiaries. Subsequently, every week sub-center wise work plan is generated from the MCTS and distributed through the supervisors to the sub-center Auxiliary Nurse Mid-Wife (ANM), for providing the services, updating the services received and tracking the beneficiaries who could not avail the services. Work plans are generated for various kinds of services like registration of pregnant woman, antenatal care services, delivery services, post-natal care services for mother and neonatal child, child health services including immunization, family planning services, etc(2). In short the system perfectly tries to track the left out and drop out case wise, and ensure universal delivery of services(2)(5). Presently MCTS is used throughout the state and lots of human resources have been deployed by NHM at block and district levels to enter, analyze and track the data for the mother and child services. As compared to the proportionate increase in the human resources and other investments, the service coverage has not increased substantially (for example immunization coverage). Even certain studies on mechanisms for tracking immunization in developing countries show similar results(6). There has been disparity during data validation exercises using health indicators from sources like Health Management and Information System (HMIS)(7) and MCTS. Even no assessment has been undertaken to review the bottlenecks of MCTS. Hence a study was planned to identify and provide suggestions for correcting the bottlenecks in the implementation of mother and child tracking services in the state of Odisha, if any existed. Objectives of the study To understand the process of implementation of Mother and Child Tracking Sytem in Odisha and identify the bottlenecks in the implementation process, if any. To identify feasible solutions and suggest recommendations for the identified bottlenecks. Method of study The study was qualitative in nature. It was conducted in three UNICEF supported districts (all tribal predominant) of Odisha state (having 30 districts) from August 2013 to November 2013. In-depth interview (IDI) was the key tool for data collection. Key program implementers involved in the process were listed down along with their assumed roles and responsibilities (Table 1). Judgmental sampling method(8) was then used and IDI was done with identified key informants involved in the implementation of MCTS (block and district level managers and supervisors). A total of 15-24 in-depth interviews (IDI) were planned for the study (regarded as the stage of thematic and theoretical saturation)(8). The end point planned was the point when no new qualitative information was received(9). Three blocks each of these districts were randomly selected and key informants were identified for IDIs. Consent was taken from the interviewers using WHO’s informed consent form for qualitative studies(10). Personal interviews were performed with a pre-determined and pre-tested tool with more often than not open ended and few close ended questions/ probes (Box 1). Along with that satisfaction level of the implementers was recorded using a continuous scale(11). Practically feasible solutions and suggestions as recommended by the informants were also noted along with bottlenecks. Data collection, cleaning and analysis was done simultaneously. Recorded data were transcribed independently by two researchers onto paper, translated to English and then manually analyzed. The qualitative content analysis method was employed(12)(13)(14) for analysis. Nine major heads were identified for the purpose- human resource issue, data generation issue, issues with skill, data entry issues, cov ering events, software issues, supervision, review and financial topics. All other findings were put under a tenth head. After data analysis, brainstorming sessions were carried with the RCH team of UNICEF Field office to put forth other recommendations for the issues noted. Results A total of 20 interviews were conducted in the study with six to seven interviews on an average from each district. Time for the interviews ranged from minimum of 25 minutes to a maximum of 40 minutes. Block level data managers and block program managers in charge of MCTS in the block were identified as the key informants at the block level. Lady health visitors (LHVs) and Health Supervisor (HS (M)) were likewise included in the process. Interviews were also conducted with District Data Managers (DDM) who was the supervisor of BDMs at the district level. Interviews with the stakeholders revealed that there has been a lot of improvement in certain service delivery components. Some of these include availability of a definite work plan (also called due list) for the ANM and Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA) every week, validation of HMIS data, entering data and assessing reports from any place using provided username and password, validation of incentives provided to beneficiaries and to ASHA for various activities, improvement in service delivery for various national health programs, etc. â€Å"We are able to review the sectors based upon the MCTS data.† [LHV] â€Å"Now, the health workers have realized the benefits and use of MCTS and are frequently asking for clarifications, when required†. [BPM] It was observed that the work plan and reports passed through all the stakeholders of MCTS, including the supervisors. But the involvement in terms of understanding of the process and providing mentoring support was poor, as cited by a few. The reports were collected at the end of the HWF, who would submit reports to their sector level supervisors. Details of the flow mechanism of reports are shown in Fig. 1. On an average satisfaction level regarding implementation of MCTS among block and district level stakeholders was found to be 7 out of 10 (range 4 to 9). Lack in the perfection of the implementation were many, some of which were analyzed and placed in Table 2. It was also noted that a BDM had to devote a great proportion of his time for data entry thus disturbing the equilibrium between personal and professional life. This was set up especially for those located in big blocks and universally for everyone roughly on an average 15 days (last week of a month and first week of the following month), at the time of report collection and entry. Verbatim of some of the important issues found during the interview are listed down under. â€Å"Health workers collect their work plans on their own or in some indefinite process. But the collection of updated work plans from the workers is being done in sector meetings.†[LHV] â€Å"We are facing problem in covering the beneficiaries in outreach areas due to seasonal and migration issues.† [LHV] â€Å"The software needs to be improved.†[BPM] â€Å"HMIS software is better than MCTS with respect to report generation and review monitoring. The MCTS software is much slower than HMIS and needs high speed internet connectivity.†[BPM] â€Å"Due to network connectivity issues, we often ask the BDMs to come to the district NRHM Office and do the data entry here.† [DDM] Discussion and Recommendations Tracking down beneficiaries to increase the coverage of services can definitely reduce the number of miss outs and drop outs for any services catered, and with stringent implementation as planned can definitely improve service delivery. Moreover the planning component of some of the health programs can be addressed in the process. But it was found that issues invariably did exist at all levels and all components of this naà ¯ve model. A single register needs to be maintained integrating components of mother register and child register, which will reduce the workload of the health workers. The simple availability of logistics like paper and cartridge for printing can be some of the minor issues, which if addressed can bring out successful results. Similarly, engaging the data entry operators in the tasks they are meant for can provide quality inputs to the tracking system, not only in terms of improving the data quality, but also an effective plan generation, follow up and tracking of miss out and drop out cases and health review. It will provide a working environment and boost the motivation of these DEOs. Review of MCTS entry, analysis and tracking of follow up of instances should be done block wise with team effort rather than having any single individual accountable. Supervisors should take on an important part in offering mentoring support for tracking, record keeping and updating. An effective model of intern al monitoring and/or mentoring system for underperforming sub-centers in MCTS implementation (eg. Using Lot Quality Assurance Sampling Method) is needed. Own server can be set up at the state to solve server speed issues. More data entry staff at the block level is needed so as to reduce data entry load in large blocks with huge data load. More number of ANMs or support in the form of additional ANMs is needed in sub-centers with more population. This solution has also been cited in other studies of the same author(15). Data Entry Operators (DEOs) for Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY)(16) can be engaged in data entry activities wherever the data entry load is high. A proper operational research can throw light on the mechanism to identify blocks needing more human resources along with other financial support. All services provided and recorded in MCP card should be fed into MCTS to make effective tracking possible. Customization of the software for integrating and validating data of other related programs like Home Based Newborn Care(17), Special Newborn Care Unit(18)(19), etc. can also be done. Adequate contingency provision in the NHM PIP should be made. Collaborating with mobile partners to develop SMS based portal for reporting details of a beneficiary can be done and this can also provide real time reporting. Similarly loading the data in a Geographic Information System (GIS) based maps can be used increase tracking mechanism one step further(20). Extra incentives for each additional work put to the BDMs, may be provided. Training pharmacists in ODMIS(21) can decrease the workload on BDM at the block level. Conclusion Mother and child tracking system is an innovative method of tracking down the beneficiaries name wise, with an objective to bring down the IMR, MMR and TFR. It can help the government to achieve universal coverage of services. Presently MCTS has helped the service providers to effectively manage miss outs and drop outs for various services like immunization, family planning, maternal and new-born care. Validation of HMIS and incentives (to beneficiaries and ASHA) is also being done using MCTS. In spite of all positive aspects, practical issues were found to exist and need to be sorted out. Review, in detail, can sort out many operational and financial issues. Needs of large blocks should be addressed specifically. Server issues need to be addressed along with a provision of SMS based reminders. Real time data entry can make things more convenient. Correct and complete entries in the MCP will help in appropriate utilisation of the software. Acknowledgement: The authors would like to thank program managers from National Health Mission and health staff of the state government for participating in the study and providing field realities. Dr. Ashish Kumar Sen, being supervisor of the team, had supported the study and provided relevant inputs is also acknowledged. Competing interest: This article was accepted and presented as a conference paper at the International Telemedicine Conference held at Jaipur in 2013. References 1. Achievements of MDG Commitments Made Under NRHM [Internet]. Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 2012 [cited 2014 Nov 25]. Available from: http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=82520 2. Operational Manual: Mother and Child Tracking System [Internet]. National Rural Health Mission; 2010 [cited 2014 Nov 17]. Available from: https://nrhm-mis.nic.in/Home MCH Tracking System/User manual for MCH Tracking by NIC PDF format.pdf 3. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Mother and Child Tracking System [Internet]. [cited 2014 Nov 17]. Available from: http://nrhm-mcts.nic.in/mch/ 4. Immunization Handbook for Medical Officers. Department of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India; 2008. 197 p. 5. Operational plan for Mother and Child Tracking System [Internet]. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare; [cited 2014 Nov 17]. Available from: http://mohfw.nic.in/showfile.php?lid=421 6. Leach-Kemon K, Graves CM, Johnson EK, Lavado RF, Hanlon M, Haakenstad A. Vaccine resource tracking systems. BMC Health Serv Res. 2014;14:421. 7. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. NHM Health Management Information System Portal [Internet]. [cited 2014 Nov 29]. Available from: https://nrhm-mis.nic.in/SitePages/Home.aspx 8. Marshall MN. Sampling for qualitative research. Fam Pract. 1996 Jan 1;13(6):522–6. 9. Baker SE, Edwards R. How many qualitative interviews is enough? [Internet]. National Center for Research Methods; [cited 2014 Nov 25]. Available from: http://eprints.ncrm.ac.uk/2273/4/how_many_interviews.pdf 10. WHO | Informed Consent Form Templates [Internet]. WHO. [cited 2014 Nov 25]. Available from: http://www.who.int/rpc/research_ethics/informed_consent/en/ 11. What’s the best satisfaction survey scale? [Internet]. being CustomerSure Proven advice from Business Rockstars. [cited 2014 Nov 25]. Available from: http://www.customersure.com/blog/best-satisfaction-survey-scale/ 12. Kohlbacher F. The Use of Qualitative Content Analysis in Case Study Research. Forum Qual Sozialforschung Forum Qual Soc Res [Internet]. 2006 Jan 31 [cited 2014 Nov 25];7(1). Available from: http://www.qualitative-research.net/index.php/fqs/article/view/75 13. Thorne S. Data analysis in qualitative research. Evid Based Nurs. 2000 Jul 1;3(3):68–70. 14. Glà ¤ser J, Laudel G. Life With and Without Coding: Two Methods for Early-Stage Data Analysis in Qualitative Research Aiming at Causal Explanations. Forum Qual Sozialforschung Forum Qual Soc Res [Internet]. 2013 Mar 18 [cited 2014 Nov 25];14(2). Available from: http://www.qualitative-research.net/index.php/fqs/article/view/1886 15. Padhy G, Padhy R, Panigrahi S, Sarangi P, Das S. Bottlenecks identified in the Implementation of components of national health programmes at PHCs of Cuttack district of Odisha. Int J Med Public Health. 2013;3(4):271. 16. Ministry of Labor and Employment. Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana [Internet]. [cited 2014 Dec 1]. Available from: http://www.rsby.gov.in/about_rsby.aspx 17. NHM Child Health Guidelines-Revised Home Based Newborn Care Operational Guidelines [Internet]. [cited 2014 Sep 30]. Available from: http://nrhm.gov.in/images/pdf/programmes/child-health/guidelines/Revised_Home_Based_New_Born_Care_Operational_Guidelines_2014.pdf 18. Neogi SB, Malhotra S, Zodpey S, Mohan P. Assessment of Special Care Newborn Units in India. J Health Popul Nutr. 2011 Oct;29(5):500–9. 19. Neogi SB, Malhotra S, Zodpey S, Mohan P. Challenges in scaling up of special care newborn units-lessons from India. Indian Pediatr. 2011;48(12):931–5. 20. Barau I, Zubairu M, Mwanza MN, Seaman VY. Improving polio vaccination coverage in Nigeria through the use of geographic information system technology. J Infect Dis. 2014 Nov 1;210 Suppl 1:S102–10. 21. Odisha Drug Inventory Management System [Internet]. [cited 2014 Nov 29]. Available from: http://dims.nrhmodisha.in/

Technological Advancement in the US Military Essay -- United States Mi

Technological Advancement in the US Military Since its declaration of independence from Great Britain, the United States has experienced wars of many different sorts. Each war introduced a new kind of warfare. The Revolutionary War introduced for the first time in American history, the idea of naval warfare. Ships were armed with dozens guns and carried several dozens of men. The musket, armed with its bayonet as well as the cannon proved to be worthy weaponry advancements in the infantry together with various pistols. The Civil War introduced the revolving pistol as well as the Gatling gun which enabled soldiers to produce rapid fire and destroy enemies in large quantities with a single round. New technological advancements in transportation such as the railroad, enabled large quantities of troops to travel to a given area in nearly half the amount of time. However, the turn of the twentieth introduced new technological advancements in the country as well as the military. This ignited a century of technological advancements in the military that has enabled the United States to excel in militaristic domination. The first war to use significant technological advancement was World War I. Despite the introduction of trench warfare (in which troops dug bases many feet deep into the ground and fought only on the surface), the art of battle would forever be changed. There were many different types of weaponry advancements experienced in World War I. Machine guns were built twice more powerful than in the Civil War, firing up to 600 bullets a minute which was the equivalent of 250 riflemen. Artillery experienced a massive technological progression with the building of several thousands of powerful cannons with shells filled with ... ...ccomplishments. As the years progress, just as they have in the past, so will military technology. Not more 80 years ago, the United States was just learning how to se machine guns. Not more than 60 years ago, the United States was just learning how to use tanks and artillery. Nowadays, the US military has become the leading war machine in all aspects of warfare including weapons, computer technology and biological as well as chemical warfare. God only knows what advancements are to come our way. Works Cited * www.archives.gov/research/military/navy-ships/sailing-ships.html * www.doublegv.com/ggv/battles/tactics.html * www.revision-notes.couk/revision/927.html * www.channel4.com/histroy/microsites/w/wwzweapons.html * www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/vietnam/trenches/weapons.html * www.science.howstuffworks.com/surveillance-stealth-channel

Pre-1914 Prose :: English Literature

Pre-1914 Prose All five Victorian writers use mystery in there story's, but the word mystery does not just mean one thing. The mystery in these story's are either a whodunit or a superstitious type of mystery. A whodunit is where the people in the story or the reader try and work out what the mystery is, and a superstitious mystery is where it can not be explained. "Napoleon and The Spectre" by Charlotte Bronte is a traditional ghost story where Napoleon is woken by a ghost. It is a suppositious mystery as the reader does not know if the ghost actually exists. "The Red Room" by H.G Wells is also a superstitious mystery. It is a superstitious mystery because the reader does not know if the happenings in "The Red Room" are a result of paranoia, or of a supernatural cause. "The Adventure of the Speckled Band" by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle is different to "Napoleon and The Spectre" and "The Red Room". As it is a whodunit story. It is a whodunit story because the lead character Sherlock Holmes, is trying to solve the mystery of if the woman was killed or died of natural causes. In the five stories there are two types of main characters. There's the victim of the mystery and there is the solver of the mystery. The victim is usually some one who is effected in a negative way by the mystery. Also many of the victims are outsiders and loners. The solver of the mystery is usually someone like Sherlock Holmes who solves the mystery. In "The Adventure of the Speckled Band", the main character is Sherlock Holmes. He is the solver of the mystery. He is presented as a man who has a great eye for detail. The reader can tell this because he notices that the lady travelled by dog cart when he says "The left arm of your jacket is splattered with mud." This makes him seem like he has a good eye for detail as it is a unusual thing to notice something so small. In "The Red Room" the old couple are put across as very mysterious by the way they are described and by the things they say. An example of the way they are described is when the old woman is said to be "sat staring hard into the fire, her pale eyes wide open." This makes the old woman sound very mysterious as it is not a normal thing to be staring hard into a fire and this makes her seem very strange. An example of them being described as mysterious is when the narrator Pre-1914 Prose :: English Literature Pre-1914 Prose All five Victorian writers use mystery in there story's, but the word mystery does not just mean one thing. The mystery in these story's are either a whodunit or a superstitious type of mystery. A whodunit is where the people in the story or the reader try and work out what the mystery is, and a superstitious mystery is where it can not be explained. "Napoleon and The Spectre" by Charlotte Bronte is a traditional ghost story where Napoleon is woken by a ghost. It is a suppositious mystery as the reader does not know if the ghost actually exists. "The Red Room" by H.G Wells is also a superstitious mystery. It is a superstitious mystery because the reader does not know if the happenings in "The Red Room" are a result of paranoia, or of a supernatural cause. "The Adventure of the Speckled Band" by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle is different to "Napoleon and The Spectre" and "The Red Room". As it is a whodunit story. It is a whodunit story because the lead character Sherlock Holmes, is trying to solve the mystery of if the woman was killed or died of natural causes. In the five stories there are two types of main characters. There's the victim of the mystery and there is the solver of the mystery. The victim is usually some one who is effected in a negative way by the mystery. Also many of the victims are outsiders and loners. The solver of the mystery is usually someone like Sherlock Holmes who solves the mystery. In "The Adventure of the Speckled Band", the main character is Sherlock Holmes. He is the solver of the mystery. He is presented as a man who has a great eye for detail. The reader can tell this because he notices that the lady travelled by dog cart when he says "The left arm of your jacket is splattered with mud." This makes him seem like he has a good eye for detail as it is a unusual thing to notice something so small. In "The Red Room" the old couple are put across as very mysterious by the way they are described and by the things they say. An example of the way they are described is when the old woman is said to be "sat staring hard into the fire, her pale eyes wide open." This makes the old woman sound very mysterious as it is not a normal thing to be staring hard into a fire and this makes her seem very strange. An example of them being described as mysterious is when the narrator

Boys Will Be Boys

September 8th, 2015. It was the first day of high school, and my hands trembled as I rushed up the stairs to my biology class. As I settled in, the teacher collected the summer homework, only to realize that two nameless assignments had been handed to her. She walked around the room again, questioning only the girls if the homeworks belonged to them. It was after one of the students claimed her homework that I suddenly realized; I had also probably forgotten to write my name.â€Å"Excuse me, miss. I think that last homework without a name may be mine.†She walked over to my desk–row four, seat five– asking for my verification.â€Å"Yes, this is mine. I'm so sorry.†For a few seconds, the teacher observed me skeptically, unable to believe that the gentleman in front of her could have such neat, curly handwriting. Thinking back, I've always found myself to be quite different from others. Unlike most boys I knew, I enjoyed drawing Disney characters and going to Operas. I even joined my school band and learned to play the piano, flute, and clarinet. I never considered my interests as masculine or feminine, they simply made up who I was. Yet, when I shared my hobbies and interests, my friends would always be shocked to learn that I enjoyed many of the things they considered â€Å"feminine.† Growing up, I've always played with toys of medical equipment, hoping that one day I would actually use them as a nurse or pediatrician. Upon telling my friends, they would laugh and say â€Å"You†¦ a nurse or pediatrician? But you're a man, and that's such a lady's job. You should be a surgeon or something.† This stumped me. Maybe they're right, I supposed. I was led to believe that men and women should each commit to doing what they are respectively fit to do. The ridicule of my femininity followed me into high school, forcing me to confront my comfort zone and adapt to a new environment. Thus, as I came home from school, I browsed through the internet, searching for â€Å"how to write like a man†, and attempting to emulate standard â€Å"male† writing. Writing in this messy manner was difficult; it certainly wasn't something I felt accustomed to. Incidentally, as my mother walked in and witnessed the unusual scribbles on my homework, she was bemused to what she had seen.â€Å"Oh gosh, Zhen! Whose homework is that?† â€Å"Mom, calm down. It's mine. I'm just trying to write like other guys.† â€Å"Jeez no! Why are you doing this? You don't have to be like everyone else. You are your own person.†Though I struggled to understand her, I learned that my mother was right. My handwriting, despite it being viewed as ladylike, made me no less of a man. I decided that my handwriting would no longer be a tool of embarrassment, and I made it my goal to embrace my qualities and use them to exceed others' expectations. My feminine traits contribute to my strength and individuality. Even with these traits, I am capable of performing the so called â€Å"masculine† tasks. Whether it be building a desk from raw wood, or repairing mechanical appliances, I am capable, even if I also enjoy shopping, dancing, and keeping up with fashion. In being able to accomplish both the delicate and crude tasks, I am at an advantage. My feminine traits are neither problematic nor burdensome- instead, they reward me with a vast range of interests and skills that turned into my passions and a more diverse group of friends. I have learned to grow out of stereotypes dictated by society and be comfortable with my own character. To date, though my views of myself have changed for the better, my handwriting and passion to pursue my medical studies have stayed the same.

Consumer Data Repository System (CDRS) †Database Design

Table of Contentss Document Control General Information Revision Log Table of Contentss 1Introduction 1.1Purpose 1.2Target Audience 2ER Diagram 3Summary of Tables 4Detailed Table Design 4.1tblAccount 4.2tblAccountUpload 4.3tblIncrementalUpdateControl 4.4tblConsumer 4.5tblConsumerEmail 4.6tblConsumerPhoneOffice 4.7tblConsumerPhonehHome 4.8tblConsumerMobile 4.9tblConsumerFax 4.10tblUser 4.11tblAuditLog 4.12tblCummulativeSummary 4.13refAudit 4.14refGtariff 4.15refWtariff 4.16refSwtariff 4.17refState 4.18refDistrict 4.19refConsumerType 4.20refAccountStatus 4.21vwConsumer 4.22vwContact 5Lookup Codes 5.1District Codes – refDistrict 5.2Account Status Codes – refAccountStatus 5.3Audit Activity – refActvity1 Introduction1.1 PurposeThis papers is the Database Design for the SYABAS Consumer Data Repository System Enhancements ( CDRS ) .1.2 Target AudienceThe mark audiences for this Data Migration Specification papers include:CDRS Technical Workgroup to supervise the undertaking advancement.Customer Service Department ( CSD ) to corroborate and verify the demandsIT section to verify and O.K. the informations migration programAnalysts and developers to plan and develop informations migration processes.2 ER Diagram3 Summary of TablesNoTable NameDescriptiontblAccountShop history profiletblAccountUploadInformation related to account informations lading from BASIS to CDRS.tblConsumerStore consumer profile. A individual history may hold multiple consumers.tblConsumerEmailStore consumer electronic mail. A consumer may hold multiple electronic mails.tblConsumerFaxStore consumer facsimile figure. . A consumer may hold multiple facsimile Numberss.tblConsumerMobi leStore consumer nomadic figure. A consumer may hold multiple nomadic Numberss.tblConsumerPhoneHomeShop consumer place phone figure. A consumer may hold multiple place phone Numberss.tblConsumerPhoneOfficeStore consumer office phone figure. A consumer may hold multiple office phone Numberss.tblConsumerVerificationTrack all consumer positions – position, day of the month changed, and updated bytblUserCDRS 2 user’s information, this will include username, watchword, function, day of the month assigned, user electronic mail, last login, logout clip and etc.refAccountStatusHistory position search tabular array ( this position is the same as history position in BASIS )refConsumerTypeConsumer type search tabular arrayrefDistrictDistrict search tabular arrayrefGTariffGTariff search tabular arrayrefSTariffSTariff search tabular arrayrefWTariffWTariff search tabular arrayrefStateState search tabular arrayvwConsumerConsumer positionvwContactConsumer contact position4 Detailed Ta ble Design4.1 tblAccountFieldTypeNothingDefaultRemarksAccountIDbigint ( 20 )NoAccount IdahoDistrictCdchar ( 2 )NoDistrict codificationAccountNobigint ( 10 )NoSyabas client history no. In BASIS, this is consumer noCheckDigittinyint ( 1 )NoAccount cheque figureAccountStatusCdchar ( 2 )NoHistory position. BASIS history position codification. Mention to refAccountStatus for valid values.HouseNovarchar ( 150 )YesNothingItem 1 of reference format 13BlockNovarchar ( 150 )YesNothingItem 2 of reference format 13BuildingNamevarchar ( 150 )YesNothingItem 3 of reference format 13LotNovarchar ( 150 )YesNothingItem 4 of reference format 13Jalanvarchar ( 150 )YesNothingItem 5 of reference format 13Tamanvarchar ( 150 )YesNothingItem 6 of reference format 13Seksyenvarchar ( 150 )YesNothingItem 7 of reference format 13Kampungvarchar ( 150 )YesNothingItem 8 of reference format 13Areavarchar ( 150 )YesNothingItem 9 of reference format 13Zip codeint ( 5 )YesNothingItem 10 of reference format 13PostCodeA reavarchar ( 150 )YesNothingItem 11 of reference format 13StateCdchar ( 1 )YesNothingValid codification – S, K, PAddressvarchar ( 600 )YesNothingSingle line reference – combination of format 13Address1varchar ( 65 )YesNothingNew reference line 1Address2varchar ( 65 )YesNothingNew reference line 2Address3varchar ( 65 )YesNothingNew reference line 3Address4varchar ( 65 )YesNothingNew reference line 4Address5varchar ( 65 )YesNothingNew reference line 5Address6varchar ( 65 )YesNothingNew reference line 6ConTypeIDtinyint ( 4 )YesNothingConsumer history typeSWTariffIDtinyint ( 4 )YesNothingS DutyGTariffIDtinyint ( 4 )YesNothingG DutyWTariffIDtinyint ( 4 )YesNothingW DutyWaterConsumptiondecimal ( 10,4 )YesNothingAverage H2O ingestionIndexs:KeynameTypeFieldPrimaryPrimaryAccountIDIndexAccountNo4.2 tblAccountUploadFieldTypeNothingDefaultRemarksUploadIDbigint ( 20 )NoUpload Idaho. uniqueDistrictCdChar ( 2 )NoDistrict codificationUploadDateday of the monthNoDate informations is up loadedLastSupplyDateday of the monthNoIncremental update day of the month. Date history is activatedSuccessint ( 11 )NoNo of histories successfully uploadedFailedint ( 11 )NoNo of histories failed to be uploadedIndexs:KeynameTypeFieldPrimaryPrimaryUploadID4.3 tblIncrementalUpdateControlFieldTypeNothingDefaultRemarksDistrictCdChar ( 2 )NoDistrict codificationLastNewAccountDateday of the monthNoThis is the last supply day of the month used.LastAccountProfileDateday of the monthNoLast history profile update day of the monthLastInactiveAccountDateDateNoThis is the last discon day of the month used.LastWaterConsumptionDateDateNoThis is the last billed day of the month used4.4 tblConsumerFieldTypeNothingDefaultRemarksConsumerIDbigint ( 20 )NoConsumer Idaho. uniqueAccountIDbigint ( 20 )NoAccount Idaho.ConsumerTypeIDtinyint ( 4 )NoType – proprietor ( 0 ) , renter ( 1 ) , other ( 2 ) . Mention to refConsumerType for inside informationsNamevarchar ( 150 )NoConsumer nameNewICNovarchar ( 15 )YesNothingNew IC figure. This can besides be other mention figure. This information is based on BASIS which has other mention figure kept in this fieldOldICNovarchar ( 15 )YesNothingOld IC figureConsumerStatusint ( 3 )101 – Pending, 102 – Data Ready, 105 – DeletedLastUpdateDateday of the monthNoLast updated day of the monthLastUpdateByint ( 11 )NoRecord was last updated by who. Foreign key.Indexs:KeynameTypeFieldPrimaryPrimaryConsumerID4.5 tblConsumerEmailFieldTypeNothingDefaultRemarksEmailIDbigint ( 20 )NoPrimary keyConsumerIDbigint ( 20 )NoForeign keyElectronic mailvarchar ( 50 )NoEmail referenceDefaultStatustinyint ( 1 )No0Flag to bespeak default electronic mailLastUpdateDateday of the monthNoLast updated day of the monthLastUpdateByint ( 11 )NoUser Idaho who updated the recordIndexs:KeynameTypeFieldPrimaryPrimaryEmailID4.6 tblConsumerPhoneOfficeFieldTypeNothingDefaultRemarksPhoneOfficeIDbigint ( 20 )NoPrimary keyConsumerIDbigint ( 20 )NoForeign keyTelep honeNovarchar ( 50 )NoTelephone noDefaultStatustinyint ( 1 )No0Flag to bespeak default office phoneLastUpdateDateday of the monthNoLast updated day of the monthLastUpdateByint ( 11 )NoUser Idaho who updated the recordIndexs:KeynameTypeFieldPrimaryPrimaryPhoneOfficeID4.7 tblConsumerPhoneHomeFieldTypeNothingDefaultRemarksPhoneHomeIDbigint ( 20 )NoPrimary keyConsumerIDbigint ( 20 )NoForeign keyTelephoneNovarchar ( 50 )NoTelephone noDefaultStatustinyint ( 1 )No0Flag to bespeak default place phoneLastUpdateDateday of the monthNoLast updated day of the monthLastUpdateByint ( 11 )NoUser Idaho who updated the recordIndexs:KeynameTypeFieldPrimaryPrimaryPhoneHomeID4.8 tblConsumerMobileFieldTypeNothingDefaultRemarksMobileIDbigint ( 20 )NoPrimary keyConsumerIDbigint ( 20 )NoForeign keyMobileNovarchar ( 50 )NoTelephone noDefaultStatustinyint ( 1 )No0Flag to bespeak default mobile phoneLastUpdateDateday of the monthNoLast updated day of the monthLastUpdateByint ( 11 )NoUser Idaho who updated the recordIndexs:KeynameTypeFieldPrimaryPrimaryMobileID4.9 tblConsumerFaxFieldTypeNothingDefaultRemarksFaxIDbigint ( 20 )NoPrimary keyConsumerIDbigint ( 20 )NoForeign keyFaxNovarchar ( 50 )NoPhone no/Facsimile NumberDefaultStatustinyint ( 1 )No0Flag to bespeak default facsimile figureLastUpdateDateday of the monthNoLast updated day of the monthLastUpdateByint ( 11 )NoUser Idaho who updated the recordIndexs:KeynameTypeFieldPrimaryPrimaryFaxID4.10 tblUserFieldTypeNothingDefaultRemarksUserIDint ( 11 )NoPrimary keyUserNamevarchar ( 255 )NoUser login nameElectronic mailvarchar ( 255 )YesNothingUser electronic mail referencePasswordvarchar ( 255 )NoUser watchwordFunctionint ( 2 )NoLastLoginday of the monthNoLogoutTimeday of the monthNoAppIDvarchar ( 255 )NoDistrictCDchar ( 2 )NoNovellIDvarchar ( 150 )YesNothingAssignedvarchar ( 2 )YesNothingIndexs:KeynameTypeFieldPrimaryPrimaryUserID4.11 tblAuditLogFieldTypeNothingDefaultRemarksLogIDint ( 11 )NoPrimary keyLogDateTimetimestampNoTime castUserID varchar ( 255 )YesNothingUser ID. Foreign cardinalDisctrictCdVarchar ( 2 )NoDistrict codificationActivityIDInt ( 11 )NoActivity performed by the user. Mention to refAudit for inside informationsDisctrictCdVarchar ( 2 )NoDistrict codificationAccountIDBigint ( 20 )NoAccount. Applicable if activity is related to an historyConsumerIDBigint ( 20 )NoConsumer. Applicable if activity is related to a consumerRemarksVarchar ( 255 )NoAdditional info for the activityIndexs:KeynameTypeFieldPrimaryPrimaryLogIDIndexUserIDIndexAccountIDIndexConsumerIDIndexActivityID4.12 tblCummulativeSummaryFieldTypeNothingDefaultRemarksDisctrictCdChar ( 2 )NoDistrict codificationDateSummaryDateNoDate drumhead informations is generatedEntire Active HistoriesInt ( 11 )No0No of active historiesEntire Inactive HistoriesInt ( 11 )No0No of inactive historiesEntire ConsumersInt ( 11 )NoEssay Writing Service Fully referenced, delivered on clip, Essay Writing Service.Assignment Writing Service Everything we do is focussed on composing the best possible assignment for your exact demandsTaging Service Our Marking Service will assist you pick out the countries of your work that need betterment.View our servicesFree APA Referencing Tool Create your 6th Edition APA mentions rapidly, easy and for free!Free Harvard Referencing Tool Our free online Harvard Referencing Tool makes citing easy.Free Vancouver Referencing Tool Get aid with your Vancouver referencing with our free online tool.Free Study Guides Everything you need to cognize during your surveiesTopographic point an order now Our experts are waiting to assist you with your essayOur experts can assist you with your essay inquiryGet down your orderNo thanksRequest RemovalIf you are the original author of this essay and no longer wish to hold the essay published on the UK Essays web site so delight chink on the nexus below to bespeak remotion:Request the remotion of this essay

Subject Content Knowledge For The In Field Assessment Education Essay

In 2002, teacher abrasion rates and keeping jobs ( Ingersoll, 2002 ) compounded the issue of out-of-field instructors, increasing the strain of run intoing the demands of puting a extremely qualified instructor in every schoolroom ( NCLB, 2001 ) . In President Bush ‘s 2006 State of the Union Address he pledged to make an extra 30,000 new mathematics and scientific discipline instructors to rectify for these deficits ( Bush, 2006 ) . Interestingly, in 2009 Ingersoll concluded that the instructor deficits were no longer the taking cause of the deficiency of high quality instructors but instead it was due to permeant school staffing and direction jobs. A Teacher deficits are still a major, nevertheless ; several research surveies have found that â€Å" extremely qualified † instructor shortages has become an even greater concern ( Blank, Langesen, Laird, DeMello, 2003 ; National Academy of Sciences, 2007 ; National Center for Education Statistics, 1997 ; Ingersoll, 2002 ; Rumberger, 1987 ; U.S. Department of Education, 2009 ) . Drum sanders ( 2004 ) concluded that 57 % of in-between school pupils were taught by a instructor who had non earned adequate college credits to declare a minor country of survey in a related field ; , 48 % of in-between school physical scientific discipline pupils were taught by a instructor missing a child in a related field. More late, a survey by Schools and Trust ( 2008 ) found that teacher mis-assignments totaled 27 % of the nucleus classs in the state ‘s high-poverty schools. Mis-assignment is the assignment of a certified instructor to learn in a content country that he or she does non hol d an indorsement or major, and therefore has deficient content command. Alternatively, these instructors may be considered partly out-of field. Out-of-field assignments are still rather common. In each of the six old ages of informations aggregation, Donaldson and Johnson ( 2010 ) found that anyplace from 57 % to 74 % of math instructors, 16 % to 31 % of societal surveies instructors, and 38 % to 48 % of scientific discipline instructors lacked a major in the field they were learning. Out-of-field assignments were most prevailing in the first one or two old ages of respondents ‘ callings ( Donaldson & A ; Johnson, 2010 ) . Despite a extremely qualified position, if a instructor is mis-assigned or learning wholly out-of-field they are missing the necessary preparation and cognition needed to decently turn to the demands of the pupils. Filling the schoolroom with quality instructors remains a primary concern within the educational system. Having extremely qualified instructors with cognition and background in their content countries and strong supervising from content leaders and decision makers is critical to the success of their pupils ( Garner, 2007 ) . The National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education has claimed that teacher quality represents â€Å" the parallel development of learning cognition that is specific to the content being taught, every bit good as general pedagogical cognition † ( Hattie, 2008 ) . This research survey examined the differences in instructor quality when instructors are outside their primary field of survey. This step of instructor quality represents a contemplation of a instructor ‘s capable content cognition ( SCK ) and pedagogical content cognition ( PCK ) . The two cognition spheres of each instructor were measured both in math ( in-field tonss ) and in scientific discipline ( out-of-field tonss ) . Hill, Rowan, and Ball ( 2005 ) found that instructors ‘ mathematical cognition was significantly related to student achievement additions. Furthermore, there are several surveies that indicate instructors that have a grade majoring in mathematics are strongly associated with higher pupil accomplishment in high school and in-between school ( Aaronson, Barrow, & A ; Sanders, 2007 ; Frome, Lasater, & A ; Cooney, 2005: Goldhaber & A ; Brewer, 2000: Monk, 1994 ; Wenglinsky, 2000, 2002 ) . It has besides been shown that teacher subject-area enfranchisement is systematically and strongly associated with high school and in-between school pupil accomplishment ( Cavalluzzo, 2004 ; Goldhaber & A ; Brewer, 2000 ) . Several research surveies exist, sing either teacher effectivity, teacher quality, or pupil accomplishment, each of which step in some signifier or another both pedagogical content cognition and capable content cognition of the instructors ( Hauk, Jackson, & A ; Noblet, 2010 ; Saderholm, A Ronau, Brown, & A ; Collins, 2010 ) . Similarly, in this survey the research worker measured the capable content cognition and the pedagogical content cognition of instructors as the finding step of instructor quality. Specifically, in-between school mathematics instructors ‘ capable content cognition and pedagogical content cognition in mathematics were compared to their capable content cognition and pedagogical content cognition in physical scientific discipline. In this survey 21 in-between school mathematics instructors were given the Diagnostic Teacher Assessment of Mathematics and Science ( DTAMS ) Instrument for both mathematics ( Algebraic Ideas Assessment ) and Science ( Physical Science Assessment ) . The DTAMS instrument has been shown to be both a valid and dependable study designed to mensurate Capable Content Knowledge and Pedagogical Content Knowledge in math and scientific discipline ( Brown, McGatha, & A ; Karp, 2006 ) . Both Subject Content Knowledge and Pedagogical Content Knowledge have been used to mensurate teacher effectivity and finally a step of instructor quality ( Ball, Thames, & A ; Phelps, 2008 ; Hill, Ball, & A ; Schilling ; 2008 ; Manizade, 2007 ) . Once both Subject Content Knowledge and Pedagogical Content Knowledge tonss are established they were combined to organize a step for teacher quality. This was done for both in-field tonss and out-of-field tonss. After which the instructor quality tonss for both in-field and out-of-field were straight compared to bespeak the grade to which a instructor either additions or losingss quality. This research survey addresses the inquiry: What is the difference in quality of an in-field instructor compared to an out-of-field instructor – specifically in math as the in-field and scientific discipline as the out-of-field content country? Two features that continue to come up when reexamining surveies affecting instructor effectivity are the instructors ‘ natural cognition of the capable affair and their ability to transform that cognition into an prosecuting lesson for pupils. These properties of instructor effectivity are more normally referred to as capable content cognition and pedagogical content cognition. This survey may offer a more direct comparing of a instructor ‘s ability to utilize these traits outside their primary field of survey. The results of this survey may turn out to be important to the professional development community at big. Furthermore, the consequences of this survey may congratulate an of import research undertaking, titled â€Å" Measures of Effective Teaching † ( MET ) , sponsored by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Developed by research workers at Educational Testing Service ( ETS ) and the University of Michigan, the MET is designed to mensurate non-traditional facets of cognition particular to instruction. The research worker administered both the mathematics part ( Algebraic Ideas ) and the scientific discipline part ( Physical Science ) of the DTAMS study, designed to mensurate both the pedagogical content cognition every bit good as capable content cognition, to attest in-between school mathematics instructors. The studies were so scored by the University of Louisville Center for Research in Mathematics and Science Teacher Development ( CRMSTD ) staff. The tonss from the mathematics part of the DTAMS were used as the baseline tonss and referred to as the in-field tonss. The tonss from the scientific discipline part of the DTAMS were referred to as the out-of-field tonss. The grade to which the in-field tonss differ from the out-of-field tonss indicated the expected alteration in a instructor ‘s cognition domains when learning outside her primary field of survey. One of the primary restrictions of this survey stemmed from the size of the population. The appraisal in this survey was based on self-reported responses ; nevertheless, it is expected that since the participants are professionals their responses were echt. The population size is restricted for two grounds. First, each participant was expected to finish two studies that took about one hr each. This was a clip devouring undertaking, and it was hard to happen adequate in-between school math instructors that were willing to take part. Second, each study cost the research worker 10 dollars to be evaluated by the trained scorers from The University of Louisville Center for Research in Mathematics and Science Teacher Development. It should be noted that the participants were purely voluntary and were non compensated. Using trained scorers was necessary to guarantee the cogency and dependability of the studies.Problem BackgroundIt was reported that in 2000, 23 % of public in-between school pupils and 10 % of public high school pupils received their instruction in mathematics by instructors without a major or enfranchisement in math instruction. These Numberss are somewhat greater when looking at private schools ( Seastrom, Gruber, Henke, McGrath, & A ; Cohen, 2002 ) . Donaldson and Johnson ( 2010 ) found the Numberss to be more disturbing. With six old ages of informations aggregation, Donaldson and Johnson found that anyplace from 57 % to 74 % of math instructors, 16 % to 31 % of societal surveies instructors, and 38 % to 48 % of scientific discipline instructors lacked a major in the field they were learning. With new statistical and analytical methods used by a broad scope of research workers, grounds has been mounting that teacher quality can account for a big portion of discrepancy in student trial tonss ( Boyd, Lankford, Loeb, Rockoff, & A ; Wyckoff, 2008 ; Ferguson, 1991 ; Hanushek, 1996 ; Hanushek, Kain, & A ; Rivkin, 2009 ; Rockoff, 2004 ) . Quality instructors are indispensable to the success of any school plan. The two most of import properties of a quality instructor is their capable content cognition and their pedagogical content cognition ( Even, 1993 ; Hill, Rowan, & A ; Ball, 2005 ; Ma, 1999 ; RAND, 2003 ) . Teachers who have met the demanding criterions of National Board Certification and those who have generated higher â€Å" value-added † pupil accomplishment additions are far less likely to learn economically disadvantaged and minority pupils ( Cavalluzzo, 2004 ; Goldhaber & A ; Anthony, 2004 ; Humphrey, Koppich, & A ; Hough, 2005 ; Sanders & A ; Rivers, 1996 ) . As a consequence, high-poverty schools are more likely to be beset with learning vacancies in math and particular instruction, and much more likely to staff schoolrooms with out-of-field, inexperient and less-prepared instructors. ( Ingersoll, 2002 ; Mayer, Mullens, & A ; Moore, 2002 ; Strizek, Pittsonberger, Riordan, Lyter, & A ; Orlofsky, 2006 ) . The pattern of engaging instructors to learn topics that they are non qualified for is good documented and a serious hurt to the territories, the instructors and most significantly the success of the pupils. This is particularly true in high minority and high poorness countries. The dearth in the literature occurs when trying to quantify the grade to which an out-of-field instructor differs in abilities and strengths to instructors that remain within their primary field of survey. A few more recent surveies have shown that a decently certified instructor who is learning in their specific field of survey contributes greatly to the success of their pupils. Out-of-field instructors are significantly less successful in increasing pupil accomplishment ( Board of Regents, 2008 ) . Research has besides systematically and clearly pointed out that effectual instruction is a extremely important factor impacting pupil accomplishment ( Babu & A ; Mendro, 2003 ; Hanushek, Kain, & A ; Rivkin, 2009 ) . Furthermore when it comes to effectual instruction, research has found that teacher experience and capable content cognition has systematically shown important impact on pupil accomplishment ( Gordon, Kane, & A ; Staiger, 2006 ; A Rice, 2003 ; Hanushek, Kain, & A ; Rivkin, 2009 ; Rockoff, May 2004 ) . Effective instruction implies instructors have well-developed pedagogical content cognition, yet this cognition develops over clip ( Ball, Lubienski, & A ; Mewborn, 2001 ; Grossm an, 1990 ) . A turning figure of research surveies are trying to flesh out a relationship between capable content cognition and pedagogical content cognition ( Ball, 1990 ; Ball, Hill & A ; Schilling, 2004 ; Ball, Thames, & A ; Phelps, 2008 ; Hill, Ball, & A ; Schilling, 2008 ; Ma, 1999 ; Manizade, 2007 ; Shulman, 1986 ; Thornton, 2004 ; Wilson, Shulman & A ; Richert, 1987 ) . Shin, Koehler, Mishra, Schmidt, Baran, and Thompson ( 2009 ) demonstrated thatA the degree of pedagogical content cognition of a instructor contributes significantly toward effectual instruction and pupil public presentation. Furthermore, there have been an increased figure of research surveies trying to operationalize the step of instructor ‘s pedagogical content cognition by manner of a paper pencil system or online study ( Ball, 2003 ; Kromrey & A ; Renfrow, 1991 ; Shin et al. , 2009 ) . Saderholm, A Ronau, Brown, and Collins ( 2010 ) have late contributed to the hunt for instructor quality by formalizing the Diagnostic Teacher Assessment in Mathematics and Science ( DTAMS ) mathematics appraisals for middle-school instructors. The dependability and cogency of the DTAMS appraisals were ab initio established by using adept inquiry composing squads and referees every bit good as reexamining national criterions for content.A DTAMS measures both capable content cognition and pedagogical content cognition in several math and scientific discipline subjects. These subjects are straight related to teacher quality and pupil accomplishment. There were two distinguishable ( DTAMS ) appraisals that were utilized in this survey. The in-field ( mathematics ) DTAMS Algebraic Ideas appraisal measuredA memorized cognition, conceptual apprehension, higher-order thought, and pedagogical content cognition. The out-of-field ( scientific discipline ) Physical Science appraisal measured declaratory cognition, scientific enquiry and processs, conventional cognition, pedagogical content cognition, and scientific discipline, engineering, and society cognition ( Brown, McGatha, & A ; Karp, 2006 ) .Purpose of the StudyThis survey was designed to mensurate the alteration in a instructor ‘s capable and pedagogical properties if they were to learn outside of her field of survey. By understanding the grade to which a instructor ‘s cognition spheres change when learning merely outside of their primary field of survey, pedagogues and decision makers would hold a more clear apprehension as to the effects an out-of-field instructor m ay hold on his or her pupils. More specifically, this survey focused in on two closely related Fieldss, mathematics and physical scientific discipline. This offers an exceeding penetration as to the alone differences in both capable content and pedagogical content cognition that an out-of-field instructor would hold in the instruction of pupils. These differences could function as a pace stick for disposal and policy shapers as they consider the issue of engaging out-of-field instructors and ultimate success or failure of their pupils and schools. It has been good established that non merely is the quality of the instructor the individual most of import schooling factor foretelling pupil results ( Ferguson 1998 ; Goldhaber 2002 ; Goldhaber, 1999 ; Hanushek, 1999 ) , but that â€Å" the quality of a instructor can do the difference of a full twelvemonth ‘s acquisition growing † ( Hanushek, 1992, p.8 ) . Furthermore, many research workers and pedagogues agree that a combination of both capable content cognition and pedagogical content cognition are the primary properties of a quality instructor ( Ball & A ; Bass, 2000 ; Ma, 1999 ; Rowland, Martyn, Barber & A ; Heal, 2000 ; Shulman 1986, 1987, 1996 ) .Research QuestionsThis research is designed to reply several inquiries. First, how much capable content cognition is gained or lost when a in-between school mathematics teacher Teachs outside his/her field in physical scientific discipline? H1: In-between school instructors certified to learn mathematics will demo a lessening in capable content cognition when they teach outside of their field, physical scientific discipline. H1a: In-between school instructors certified to learn mathematics will demo no important alteration in capable content cognition when they teach outside of their field, physical scientific discipline. H1b: In-between school instructors certified to learn mathematics will demo an addition in capable content cognition when they teach outside of their field, physical scientific discipline. The other of import yet distinguishable cognition sphere that must be considered is the pedagogical content cognition of the instructor. This was done by replying the inquiry, how much pedagogical content cognition is gained or lost when a in-between school mathematics teacher Teachs outside his/her field in physical scientific discipline? H2: In-between school instructors certified to learn mathematics will demo a lessening in pedagogical content cognition when they teach outside of their field, physical scientific discipline. H2a: In-between school instructors certified to learn mathematics will demo no important alteration in pedagogical content cognition when they teach outside of their field, physical scientific discipline. H2b: In-between school instructors certified to learn mathematics will demo an addition in pedagogical content cognition when they teach outside of their field, physical scientific discipline. Finally, the last set of inquiries combines the measurings for both topic and pedagogical content cognition to find an overall consequence on instructor quality. By sing both cognition domains as equal subscribers to the overall step of a teacher quality we can find the general consequence ( addition or lessening ) that in-between school mathematics instructors who teach outside of the field ( physical scientific discipline ) may see. What is the overall consequence on instructor quality when a in-between school mathematics teacher Teachs outside his/her field in physical scientific discipline? H3: The overall quality of in-between school instructors certified to learn mathematics will diminish when they teach outside of their field, physical scientific discipline. H3a: The overall quality of in-between school instructors certified to learn mathematics will demo no important alteration when they teach outside of their field, physical scientific discipline. H3b: The overall quality of in-between school instructors certified to learn mathematics will increase when they teach outside of their field, physical scientific discipline.Restrictions and Boundary linesThe population used in this survey was its primary restriction. The sample of participants included 21 instructors that were certified to learn in-between school mathematics in Illinois. The research worker administered both the Algebraic Ideas Survey ( DTAMS ) and the Physical Science Survey ( DTAMS ) . Each study took approximately 60 proceedingss to finish. A committedness of two hours of the participants ‘ clip was a big petition ; this limited the figure of participants willing to react to this survey. The studies were so sent to the University of Louisville Center for Research in Mathematics and Science Teacher Development ( CRMSTD ) for analysis by the research worker of this survey. The analysis included a comparing of both capable content cognition and pedagogical con tent cognition of the instructors for both in-field ( mathematics ) and out-of-field ( physical scientific discipline ) . The consequences of this comparing addressed straight the research inquiries found in this survey. Distinct advantages and disadvantages occur that are declarative of a descriptive research design. This survey specifically targets the relationship between in-field tonss and out-of-field tonss doing a correlational analysis an appropriate foundation. A correlational analysis lent itself of course in seeking relationships between capable content cognition, pedagogical content cognition and among the related demographics. However, no affair how important the correlativity, causing can non be inferred due to possible influence of unbridled immaterial variables. Several statistical methods were implemented so as to counter the influence certain specific variables may hold on the consequences of this survey. These variables include age, experience, educational history, and socio-economic work environment. Finally, it is of import to observe that respondents were non given the chance for elucidation of study inquiries nor did they have an chance to explicate their reading of the inquiry. Misconstrued inquiries frequently times led to an inappropriate response when in fact the participant may really good hold a clear and strong apprehension of the topic or variable features being measured.Definition of FootingsIn this research survey, it is peculiarly of import to explicitly specify any cardinal footings. In the undermentioned subdivision the primary key footings are defined.Capable Content Knowledge for the Out-of-Field AssessmentDeclarative Knowledge: A This cognition is entirely based on facts and definitions. Teachers with this cognition have the accomplishments to execute rote algorithmic undertakings that are indispensable to work outing jobs. The ability to remember facts, regulations, scientific Torahs and definitions is a important constituent in instruction ( Brown, McGatha, & A ; Karp, 2006 ) . Scientific Inquiry and Procedures: A Scientific processs and attacks represent the cognition type that allows for the ability to acknowledge the elements of scientific enquiry such as placing inquiries for scientific enquiry, design and behavior scientific probes and experiments, use appropriate informations aggregation and analysis techniques, the ability to believe critically about the informations and to do logical decisions and accounts ( Brown, McGatha, & A ; Karp, 2006 ) . Conventional Knowledge: A Schematic cognition represents a more in-depth apprehension of the nature of scientific constructs, rules and related phenomenon. Teachers with this cognition can efficaciously compare and contrast assorted scientific belongingss and features and can explicate bounds and the development of current scientific cognition ( Brown, McGatha, & A ; Karp, 2006 ) . Science, Technology, and Society Knowledge ( STS ) : This cognition allows instructors to bridge the spread between the scientific community and its influences on society as a whole. Teachers were able to show a thorough apprehension of the function that human demands play in the development and application of scientific discipline every bit good as a historical and planetary position of how scientific finds have impacted society. It is the nature by which scientific discipline, engineering, society, and current environments interact and germinate as a individual entity ( Brown, McGatha, & A ; Karp, 2006 ) .Capable Content Knowledge for the In-Field AssessmentMemorized Cognition: This is most closely related to the antecedently mentioned declaratory cognition in the old appraisal. This is cognition that is based upon using the accomplishments and algorithms necessary for accurate calculation. This is non conceptual by nature nor is it a step of job work outing abilities. Teachers wit h this cognition can execute calculations affecting assorted algorithms, definitions, and a remembrance of facts ( DTAMS, 2006 ) . Conceptual Understanding: This cognition corresponds most closely to Schematic Knowledge for the scientific discipline appraisal, wherein it represents the knowing and understanding why. Teachers with this cognition have the ability to do connexions between mathematical subjects and to see the general relationship that unambiguously binds these subjects into cosmopolitan constructs ( Brown, McGatha, & A ; Karp, 2006 ) . Problem Solving and Reasoning: This cognition represents the tactical cognition needed to infer what is of import mathematical information in non-standard math jobs, and cognize how and why one can use different mathematical attacks to happen solutions to an array of applications ( Brown, McGatha, & A ; Karp, 2006 ) .Pedagogical Content KnowledgePedagogical Content Knowledge: Lee Shulman coined the phrase â€Å" pedagogical content cognition † in 1985 and possibly specify it best in his ain words ( Shulman, 1987, p. 13 ) : [ Pedagogical Content Knowledge is the ability to ] elucidate capable affair in new ways, reorganize and divider it, clothe it in activities and emotions, in metaphors and exercisings, and in illustrations and presentations, so that it can be grasped by pupils. Additionally, pedagogical content cognition â€Å" represents a category of cognition that is cardinal to instructors ‘ work and that would non typically be held by non-teaching capable affair experts or by instructors who know little of that topic † ( Marks, 1990, p. 9 ) . For this survey the term Pedagogical Content Knowledge most closely reflected the following definition from the Diagnostic Teacher Assessment in Mathematics and Science: This cognition represents strategic cognition for mathematics teaching- † cognizing when, where, and how to outdo Teach mathematics † ( Brown, McGatha, & A ; Karp, 2006, p. 1 ) . Once once more these appraisals concentrated on the usage of pedagogical content cognition in the rectification of pupil misconceptions about mathematics. Teachers with this cognition can fulfill two standards: acknowledge the pupils ‘ misconceptions, and depict the most effectual ways to learn peculiar mathematical constructs utilizing the most powerful analogies, illustrations, illustrations, accounts, experiments, and presentations.Middle School TeachersFor the intents of this survey in-between school instructor is defined as any instructor certified to learn 6th, 7th, and 8th class.Significance of the StudyTeachers in h igh poorness, high minority schools are more likely to be less experient, less educated, learning on exigency licenses or releases, and learning topics for which they are non qualified ( Carroll, Reichardt & A ; Guarino, 2000 ; Darling-Hammond, 2002 ; Goe, 2002 ; Hanushek, Kain, O'Brien, & A ; Rivkin, 2005 ; Ingersoll, 2002 ; Lankford, Loeb, & A ; Wyckoff, 2002 ; Marvel, Lyter, Peltola, Strizek, & A ; Morton, 2007 ; Peske & A ; Haycock, 2006 ; Scafidi, Sjoquist, & A ; Stinebrickner, 2007 ; Useem & A ; Farly, 2004 ) . Mathematicss and scientific discipline, in peculiar, are typically targeted as Fieldss most enduring from deficits ( Grissmer & A ; Kirby, 1992, 1997 ; Liu & A ; Ramsey, 2008 ; Murnane et al. , 1991 ; National Commission on Mathematics and Science Teaching, 2000 ; Weiss & A ; Boyd, 1990 ) . In fact, legion high-profile studies from organisations including the National Academy of Sciences ( 2006 ) , the National Research Council ( 2002 ) , and the US Department of Educat ion ( 2002 ) have straight tied mathematics and scientific discipline instructor deficits to the quality of educational public presentation and, in bend, to the future wellbeing of the economic system and the security of the state. Although many in-between school decision makers may experience it necessary to use instructors in countries for which they are under-qualified, this survey may bespeak the hazards to student accomplishment based on an out-of-field policy. Research has systematically pointed to effectual instruction as the most important factor impacting pupil accomplishment ( Babu & A ; Mendro, 2003 ; Manizade, 2007 ; Rivkin, Hanushek, & A ; Kain, 2005 ) . This survey is important to foster the apprehension of the benefits and/or hazards of utilizing out-of-field instructors in a in-between school scientific discipline category. Repeating the educational demand for quality instructors, the research community including the Research and Development ( RAND ) Mathematics Study Panel of 2003 had called for increasing criterions for teacher readying plans ( RAND, 2003 ) . This survey would offer some penetration as to the direct and distinguishable difference in instructor quality when sing a arrangement of an out-of-field instructor into a schoolroom that they are non to the full prepared to learn.DecisionAdditions in pupil accomplishment are, more frequently than non, accredited to the quality of the instructor. Loopholes in the hiring patterns of quality instructors have led to an addition in out-of-field instructors in the schoolroom. In chapter 1 it was stated that research workers normally view teacher quality as a combination of both capable content cognition and pedagogical content cognition. The intent of this research was to mensurate the difference in teacher quality between in-field and out-of-field instructors. The consequences of this survey are important in that it contributes to the broader apprehension of how out-of-field instructor impact instruction. Chapter one is an overview of the research that was performed ; an debut to the background of the job, intent of the survey, research inquiries with hypotheses, definition of cardinal footings, restrictions of the survey, and the importance of the survey. In the undermentioned chapters, there is a reappraisal of the relevant research related to this survey, an account of the methods employed, informations analysis with an account of the consequences, and a treatment of how the consequences could be applied.