The effects of light and darkness on harvester ants and their ability Lab Report

The effects of light and darkness on harvester ants and their ability to dig tunnels in dry and moist sand - Lab Report Example They are also favored in exposed and open areas whereby their nests can be about 4.5 meters deep underground (MacKay, 1981). The experiment was divided into 3 groups including control group and experimental group. The two experimental groups had both moist and dry sand but one had darkness and light while the other had darkness. Basing on the results, it was observed that there was a difference on the effect of light and darkness on the ability of the ant to dig the tunnel. Also the ants were observed to have a great ability to dig tunnels in dry sand than wet sand. The light promoted the ants in the digging of the tunnels. Therefore, it can be concluded that light supports the ant in digging the tunnels while darkness does not. This is clearly evident in the group of darkness. In this case, the measurements of the tunnel are lower in this group than that of light group both for dry and wet sand. It was also observed that the ants were more capable of digging tunnels in dry sand than in wet sand. This is true because according to the literature, it is well known that these ants typically live in dry deser t conditions. They are also favored in exposed and open areas whereby their nests can be about 4.5 meters deep underground (Lavigne, 1969). The results of the experiment were satisfactory because they were in line with the literature. They tend not to be confirmatory results and they may act as a basis for other further studies. This is because most of the issues were not considered to mimic the natural environment of the ants and this can affect their natural behavior, hence, leading to significant errors in the experiment. Thus, this can result to unscrupulous conclusion. Also the number of the ants needs to be considered, in the experiment the number of ants used tends not to be appropriate to give excellent results. In conclusion, the results mean that light and darkness have an impact on the ants’ behavior

The relationship between Macbeth, and Lady Macbeth Essay Example for Free

The relationship between Macbeth, and Lady Macbeth Essay This essay will look at the relationship between Macbeth, and Lady Macbeth. It will analyse the way their relationship changes throughout the length of the play and events of the story. The dominant partner will be found at different points of their relationship. Early on in the story, act one scene five we can see that Lady Macbeth is ambitious for Macbeth, but is aware of his gentle nature. This is evident when she says: Yet I do fear thy nature, This implies that she wishes, or even needs to change this nature of his if her plans for him are to be fulfilled. She goes on further to say: It is too full o the milk of human kindness, when describing his personality. This may also further support the theory that she feels he is too weak to do what must be done if he is to be king. In the same scene, she says: Glamis thou art, and Cawdor; and shalt be what thou art promised. This shows she has no doubt whatsoever that Macbeth will become King. This possibly hardens her resolve that it is destiny, and therefore will happen. She also says: Which fate and metaphysical aid doth seem to hath crowned withal, almost saying that with the help of the supernatural, he is certain to be crowned, which may indicate a firm belief in the supernatural. She comments that Macbeth: Art not without ambition, but without. This at first seems like a contradiction, but it could be taken as meaning that although Macbeth does have ambition, he would not kill for his own promotion. This is supported in a following line, which says: That wouldst thou holily; wouldst no play false. The line reading I may pour my spirits in thine ear shows how she plots to change Macbeths ambition and make him kill the King. Earlier, Macbeth calls Lady Macbeth in his letter my dearest partner of greatness, showing that at this point, he considers her an equal which may make it more likely that she will be able to influence him. Her position of influence is made more powerful since she often takes the dominant role in the relationship. This is seen when she refers to the castle as her battlements, suggesting she owns the castle, and also that she controls what goes on there. She is willing to deceive and compliment Macbeth to achieve her goals, which will become relevant later. The evidence for this statement is shown in the way she addresses Macbeth as Great Glamis, worthy Cawdor, in an attempt to win him over. Shakespeare uses alliteration on Great Glamis, which shows compliment. Her persuasion of Macbeth is very persistent. It is a theme throughout the text that she is constantly enforcing her own will onto her husband, influencing events. She uses language like Pry thee, which is almost like she is begging him. She persuades him by questioning his love for her, and his manliness, comparing him to symbols of femininity. When the time comes for Duncan to be murdered, Lady Macbeth is the one who has it all planned, as she claims it hath given me fire, She is the one who arranges the bell to toll, and she is still very practical and efficient when Macbeth panics. She does claim, however, Had he not resembled my father as he slept, I had dont. This is the first time in the play that she shows any kind of sensitivity. The idea that her sensitivity is resurfacing, is backed up by the fact that she appears to faint upon hearing the news of the Kings death. However, this could also be interpreted in a different way. She may have once again been using her femininity as a tool, by fainting to take the attention away from her husband, and once again take control of the situation. This conclusion is reached because she considers it A foolish thought, to say a sorry sight, when referring to the Kings death. This shows the sight of blood does not affect her in an extreme a manner as fainting would suggest. Later, when Macbeth has become king, the relationship appears to have switched round. While earlier, it was Lady Macbeth who was plotting the murder of King Duncan, now Macbeth seems firmly in control. We can see this as he says to his wife: Be innocent of the knowledge, dearest chuck. This is the equivalent of when she said, Leave all the rest to me. This all indicates that their roles in the relationship have totally swapped, to Macbeth being dominant. Also evidence to support this is the fact that, without consulting his wife, Macbeth took the initiative and hired the murderers. When Macbeth meets again with one of the murderers, it is during the banquet. Macbeth tells him, in a panic almost, Theres blood upon thy face. This implies that Macbeth is afraid to be seen with the murderer, and his fear begins to take control, as it did just after the death of King Duncan. We can tell because he bombards the murderer with questions, ensuring Banquo is dead he asks: Is he despatched? then But Banquos safe? This shows Macbeth is beginning to have doubts about the murder and the witchs predictions especially when the murdered says, Fleance is scaped. Possibly as a result of his new doubts and fear, Macbeth next sees the ghost of Banquo, and in fact speaks to it. He says: Thou canst not say I did it. He is paranoid that his deed will be revealed. Lady Macbeth once again takes control, covering for her husband quickly with Sit, worthy friends. My lord is often thus. This is like when she fainted to cover for him. She challenges his sense of manhood in an attempt to snap him out of it, she asks: Are you a man? Whereas earlier in the text, Macbeth was struggling to prove his manliness to her, now he is more in control, and responds: Ay, and a bold one. He actually orders the ghost Avaunt! And quit my sight! He is no longer fearful, which shows that he may be returning to his dominant, controlling, and hero like role. This may be shown as a hero is loyal. Despite the fact that Macbeth has seemingly reinforced his manliness here, he lost control at the sight of Banquo, and so it is Lady Macbeth who was more dominant here. It was she who ordered out the Lords, again having to cover for Macbeth, At once, good night stand not upon the order of your going, but go at once. This shows how commanding she can be. It also shows how quick of mind she is. In the earlier stages of the play Lady Macbeth says: Do not think of the deed or you shall go mad This is quite ironic as later she is observed by the doctor sleepwalking. We can see she has lost sanity, as the Doctor calls her behaviour: A great perturbation in nature. Also evidencing her growing insanity is the fact that the Doctor observes: Look, how she rubs her hands. This rubbing is taken as an irrational attempt to rid her hands of blood, signifying guilt. Obviously, Macbeth is now the dominant one, as Lady Macbeth has lost all control and sanity. Later, when Macbeth is informed Lady Macbeth has died, his response is a simple- She should have died hereafter. He is saddened by her death, but still in complete control. Their roles have once again been reversed. Lady Macbeth has been affected by their actions in such a way as she loses her mind, and ends her own life, whereas Macbeth is still in control. This is seemingly the opposite of earlier, and is here to show how Macbeth and his wife have changed right up to when they both die. In conclusion, we can see that the relationship went through many stages, in which dominance shifted. Lady Macbeth in control early on to strengthen the ambition deep within Macbeth, this done he becomes the dominant one. When her own femininity returned to her, Lady Macbeth lost control, and dominance. Their relationship changed from one of equals, to two people plotting and conspiring separately at different times, and the result was their demise.

The importance of tourism in the global economy

The importance of tourism in the global economy Chapter 2: Literature Review Chapter 2 presents an outline of the tourism industry while emphasizing on the growing importance of the sector in the global economy to postulate the potential of the tourism industry. It emphasizes on country identity and country image. Hence, literature review is formulated to foster a theoretical framework for the premises of answering the research question. A global perspective on the Tourism Industry â€Å"Shorter working hours, greater individual prosperity, faster and less expensive travel, and the impact of advanced technology has all helped to make the leisure and tourism industry the fastest growing industry in the world† (Edgell, Sr., 1990). Tourism has become a flourishing industry in the twentieth century, where destinations rely massively on their natural and manmade resources to build their tourism industry. Nowadays, it is viewed as a major element for economic development and growth. The tourism industry is seen as the most highly significant and integral part of any economy. It is also an industry which generates employment and foreign exchange earnings, Lim (1997) and Crouch (1996). World Tourism Organization projected the international arrival by the year 2020 to be around 1.56 billion. Out of the projected number, intraregional number is expected to rise to 1,2 billion. Therefore, the projection for long haul travellers alone is estimated to reach 0.4 billion. Notably, statistics indicates that long haul travelers will increase at a rate of 5.4 percent yearly, between 1995 – 2020. This prediction for increase in long haul opens an avenue for distant destinations as Mauritius and others WTO (2006). The figures above indicate that the tourism industry is a very promising one. However, to attract tourists to the destination, it is important to understand their psychology and buying attitudes so as to have a more precise marketing campaign that will attract them in the first instance itself. The literature that follows gives more insight on the topic. Tourism in Mauritius Mauritius is a subtropical island in the Indian Ocean, strategically positioned at the intersection of Africa and Asia, at 855 km east of Madagascar. According to statistics Mauritius, Mauritius has welcomed 786,963 visitors from January to October 2013 against 765,578 travelers for the same calendar period in 2012. The Bank of Mauritius, state that Gross tourism receipts for the first nine months of 2013 were at Rs 41,500 million. For 2014, tourism receipt is estimated to be Rs. 44,500 million. Mauritius is a renowned destination for Quality Tourism- along with being exotic, safe, beautiful and peaceful; it has a unique combination of diverse cultures, well run hotels. All these have enable Mauritius to develop from nothing to become one among its main pillars. Mauritius has a well established reputation for its tourism industry in the international tourism market. The next five most popular destinations for holidays, according to Travel and Leisure magazine, are Mauritius, New Zealand, Spain, South Africa and Norway. Mauritius is the only resort destination in this set. In addition, during the International Tourism Conclave Travel Awards (ITCTA) held in Jaipur Rajasthan, on October 2013, Mauritius has also received the award for Best Destination Country. Country identity versus country image Since country identity is at the core of this dissertation, it is worthwhile to give an overview of the literature thereof. A destination has unique characteristics that enable it to differentiate itself in the international market. These unique features are called the country identity. Hence country image is formed by country identity. Therefore, this section addresses and country identity cues and country image. It starts with an introduction of the theory of country image and country identity followed by the significant elements that build up a country’s image and ends by a discussion on the causes of image and tourist destination. A good image and a positive reputation are probably the most valuable assets a country can possess. (Papadopoulos Heslop, 2002:295) Country Identity According to Nworah (2004), Building the image of a country is the way through which a country is actively seeking to build a unique and competitive identity with the intention of positioning the country internally and externally as a good destination for trade, tourism and investment. This identity is created based on the combination of exceptional factors of attractiveness that will enable it to be ahead of competitors, Moilanan and Rainisto, (2009). According to Buhalis (2000), these exceptional factors can characterize in the six A’s framework illustrated in the table below: Table 1: Six A’s Framework for the analysis of tourism destinations Source: (Buhalis (2000) Elements of country identity Elements of country identity are predominant and are stated to influence an individual’s `opinion of a country image that cannot be changed or manipulated for the purpose of place marketing. The various aspects of country image that directly influences its image are discussed therein. However, for the purpose of this research, only few aspects of country identity, that directly impact on a destination’s image, are analyzed. Country main factors Country main factors describes various attributes of country identity, which are predominant and which are cited to impact on an individual’s perception of a country image and it cannot be changed or manipulated for the purpose of place marketing. The works within the theory are adopted from diverse sources like Beerli Martin (2004), Kotler Gerner (2002) Kotler et al. 1993, 121 – 135). Destinations– specific elements and their image significance are relatively obvious, because of the limitation of this research only few features of the country specific are addressed. Personal factors The image of a country is form based on the stereotypes that people hold on that place. Stereotypes of place or an image, develops over time and space and spread from the premises of the familiarity with illustrations of renowned people and knowledge of the products of a given country, etc. Because image is more of a personal interpretation, image that people have of a country differs from stereotypes. Hence, the image(s) that people have about the same place may vary depending on the individual’s own, wants, enthusiasm, prior knowledge and fondness (Beerli Martin 2004, 653). Personal factors can be classified as, psychological and social. Psychological factors have already been discussed in the consumer behavior section. Personal unique motivations, beliefs and personality, social aspects comprise of individual, educational achievements, age background and other social factors (Balogu McCleary 1999, 870). Therefore, the attributes enumerated above, are said to affect a person’s assessment on any product, service and for the purpose of this research, a destination. Geographical Location When dealing with country image, the geographical location of the destination cannot be neglected. Geographical location refers to the accessibility of the destination, and it therefore influences the travelling costs to a given place (country). This aspect is important because it knowingly impacts on consumer’s choice to a long haul country (Vuoristo 2003, 55; Oppermann 2000, 99). Outstandingly, recently, most European tourists have been attracted to travel to closer destinations that meet their needs like â€Å"sun and shores† as Spain and Asia rather than opting for distant destinations. To respond to the demands of the European market, Asian countries have orchestrated their destinations because of its closeness to Europe and thus compete with low-priced packages compared to long distance locations like as Mauritius or Seychelles or even Australia. From the point of view of European or American travelers, when considering time factor to travel to a distant destination and the cost of travelling as criteria, Mauritius in this instance is viewed as a distant location. To support this argument the number of European travelers visiting Mauritius has decreased from 51,529 in 2013 to 50,548 in 2014, for the month of January. (CSO, 2014). Geopolitics As far as geopolitics is concerned, the political atmosphere can influence the accessibility of the destination and the overall image of the said country. For example, during the period of Mao of China, his politics and opinions made tourists less keen to visit the destination. WTO has projected the future of China as being a leader in the world by being the first world class destination that will charm greatest number of tourists by the year 2020. Therefore, to cater for this market new China is determined to converting its politics, protocols and evolving infrastructures which now interest international investors, and tourists towards its destination (Weaver Oppermann 2000). Political accessibility is the regulations, policies, concerning mainly immigration conditions under which a tourist is regulated to have access to that country. Complicated country accessibility in terms of tourist visas procedures, levying costly visas, complicated procedures contributes largely leads in dem oralizing a destination image. Climate and Culture The attributes of climate and nature, impacts on the formation of country image to a great extent depending on the background of the individual in question. Furthermore, the necessity and wish for a change is among the most dominant factors in tourism decision-making. As a result, individuals coming from very cold climate are more likely to opt for warmer and exotic destinations. Persons coming from developed and urban background might be charmed by nature and adventure (Vuoristo 2003, 29). In instance, the rise in globalization is believed to fuel homogenous culture and tourists are highly interested in revisiting outstanding heritage locations so as to re-capture the lost culture and practices. For instance countries like Egypt, Istanbul and Italy are well appreciated by their profound heritage spots and rich history. Distance – Decay Distance decay indicates the tendency of inbound tourism moves to decline as areas become more distant from the destination (Weaver Oppermann 2000, 98). Gallarza et al (2002, 61), suggest that distance plays an important role in the image formation process. It is also mentioned that the country’s size and global power regarding its economy and politics primarily impacts on the distance – decay effects. Luostarinen (2002) also shares this opinion, in his study he found out that the distance between country of origin and the target market impacts on the international market policy. Even if these studies have been dedicated towards organizations, however the same rules are appropriate with regard of tourist destination. Travel Intermediaries Travel intermediaries refer to travel agents and tour operators and they are considered as essential information facilitators. They are strategically positioned at the frontier and having direct contact with travelers or future travelers making them in a solid position to impose destination images to travelers based on the information that they have. Andreu et al. (2002) stated that travel intermediaries are important â€Å"protagonist† who spread information to tourists or possible tourists and thereby impact on, image and choices of travel. Therefore, tour operators or travel agents have the art of painting the picture of any tourist destination based on how they want to sell that destination. Travel operators sell a destination with simple information retrieved from the countries they represent. The marketing material that is, brochures, web pages, personal experience, and so on are at their disposal and are significant in designing an unreal destination to the potential customers. The amount of information available on the internet has allowed travelers with a wealth of information at their disposals. With click of a mouse anyone can easily retrieve essential information about any destination. Therefore customers cannot be fooled easily. However, most travelers rely greatly on information given by those travel intermediaries whose trade is to deal directly on travel destinations. Balogu Mangaloglu (2001) have argued that images that travel intermediaries have of a destination is the same as those held by customers in general. Konecnik ( ibid) stated â€Å" mainly for international destinations, the role of travel intermediaries in promoting and framing images of the destination is enhanced, because of tourists who are more apt to consider travel intermediaries in their selections of destination† It can be said that travel intermediaries has an important role in image formation of a destination. (Ashwoth Voogd (1994, 49) Stimulus Factors Concerning information source, Balogu and Mac Cleary (1999, 892) concluded that the variety and the quantity of information sources adds positively to a cognitive assessment of a destination. Hence, destinations need to encourage everyone to make use of several information sources available. In instance, Media has mainly arranged in painting US facade with image features perceived today (super power and wealth). Thus common media vehicles includes, television, radio, movie to internet has proved significant in dissemination of information to the general public. According to WTO (2006) â€Å"it is significant for marketers to tracking of new stories for necessary action. Instance, rapid response to erroneous information news stories affecting the tourism industry† World media leaders like as BBC, CNN acknowledge the role of media and its effects.

The Hippie Culture Essays -- American History cultural Hippies Essays

Many generations have come and gone, and many have made an impact on American life. The Sixties were definitely one of those generations that left its mark in history. The people of this generation didn't follow the teachings of their elders, but rejected them for an alternative culture, which was their very own (Harris 14). This new subculture was such a radical society that it was given it's own name which is still used to this day. They came to be known as the Hippies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Hippie movement originated in San Francisco, California and spread across the United States, through Canada, and into parts of Europe (World Book), but the Hippie movement had its greatest influence in America. During the 1960's a radical subculture labeled as Hippies stunned America with their alternative lifestyle and radical beliefs. All Hippies were young, from the ages of 15 to 25(Worldbook). The young hippies split from their families for various reasons. Some rejected the idealistic views of their parents', some just wanted to free themselves from society's current norms, and others were simply outcasts, who could only fit in with the Hippie population. Most Hippies came from wealthy middle class families. Some people would say that these youngsters were spoiled and throwing their lives away, but to the Hippies this was the way of life and no one was going to tell them different. Hippies came from all over with various backgrounds to congregate in San F rancisco on the corner of Haight Street and Ashbury Street, where the world got its first glimpse of this peculiar sub group. This corner which lies in the very center of San Francisco came to be known as the Haight Ashbury District.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There was a tour bus that ran through the Haight- Ashbury District area in San Francisco called the Gray Line. The tours promotional brochure contained the statement: "The only foreign tour within the continental limits of the United States" (Stern 147). The Hippies were so different that the significant people in the city didn?t like the idea of a large hippie community growing in their city. In the years of 1965 and 1966 the Hippies took over the Haight Ashbury district (Cavan 49). There they lived and spread their psychedelic theme through out the whole area. In the Haight Ashbury district there were two parks where the hippies would hang out, Golden Gate Park and Buena Vista Par... ...and failed after a few years. Hippies still fought for racial equality. Finally when the 1960's were over new laws were put into action helping racial equality which would not have happened without the Hippies. During the 1960's a radical group called the hippies shocked America with their alternative lifestyle and radical beliefs. No movement in our history defines a culture change more accurately than the hippie movement in the 60?s. They had their own laws, music, clothes, and writings. The view of what a society should be was common among all hippies. Their ideas were big all throughout the late 60?s and early 70?s. The effects of the hippie movement are still felt to this day, and to this day there is still large hippie population in America . Works Sited Cavan, Sherry. Hippies of the Haight. St.Louis: New Critics Press, Inc., 1972. Harris, Nathaniel. The Sixties. London: Macdonald Education Ltd., 1975. "Hippies" WorldBook Multimedia Encyclopedia. CD-ROM. Stern, Jane and Michael. Sixties People. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1990. This Fabulous Century. New York: Time-Life Books, 1970. Clark, M. "LSD and the Drugs of the Mind." Time 9 May 2011.

History- Slave Trade

Describe the different colonial economies; and how that influenced their adoption of slavery (or lack thereof). The Chesapeake Bay and Carolina colonists pursued wealth and later realized the value of tobacco by the help of John Rolfe. They believed that gold, silver and a wide variety of raw materials could be located in Jamestown. Unfortunately the colonists were ceased of gaining profit due to the living conditions and lack of knowledge. Causing many deaths from various diseases and diminishing the their population.Colonists also refused to farm forcing them to steal food stock from the Indians creating a quite the quarrel among the two. The colony was mostly male as well as indentured servants. If any, families were very small and with no to a couple of children. Some time later they began spreading out their homes in search for tobacco. This decentralized the colony and decreased their knowledge of disease. By the water ways they would establish their homes to help with the impo rt and export of materials. Now labor was much needed to keep the materials flowing so African slaves were sent to help with labor.This was a part of the triangular trade among Africa, northern colonies, Britain, and the Caribbean. The Northern Colonies were much more stable than Southern colonies They were more focused on the religion and keeping a structured family. There was a better men to women ratio than the Chesapeake colony. Their life expectancy was better than south by 15-20 years. Even though the climate was colder their knowledge of farming gave them plenty of food to supply themselves. They believed in living in close quarters of one another and having a center of the colony.This provided them with knowledge and uses of medicine to prevent disease. Their population was now healthier and now families were larger than ever before. With triangular trade across the Atlantic African slaves were sent everywhere to take over the labor to produce products. In the southern colon ies they lacked a labor workforce and were supplied with slaves from the Caribbean. The African slaves were then sent to the north due to the overflow of slaves in the south. The northern colonies slave population was one of the lowest among the other colonies because the population had no problem with hard work.

Free Essays on Job Stress

>JOB STRESS IN THE WORKPLACE > Negative stress is the kind that wears down a person's >ability to cope with even the most routine tasks. An individual >who is at the end of his or her rope develops a skewed perception >of reality and often begins to misconstrue things. While this >negative stress may have initially started out as positive >pressure, as in the case of a new job, the impact it carries with >it as it mutates into a negative presence can have grave >consequences upon one's physical and emotional being. These >considerations are so prevalent that some corporations have >implemented stress management courses to both address and >intercept the problem in one of the most commonly found places: >the work environment. > There is certainly enough to deal with in the workplace to >have the added pressure of stress. However, escaping >environmental stress on the job is about as easy as not >breathing: it just cannot be done. With that being the case, >people must learn how to harness that negative stress and turn it >into a more beneficial element or get rid of it altogether. >Contemporary employers have come to realize the inherent hazards >of work-related stress and how it directly affects job >performance and the ultimate bottom line. It >only stands to reason that if employees are pushed to the edge >physically, emotionally or mentally, they will not be able to >perform their duties with any reasonable proficiency. Because >job stress and the management of it > has become a focal point in the workforce, employers have >found it necessary to implement stress management plans in order >to once again harmonize the work environment. "HR managers now >recognize undue stress as a real factor in the onset of illness >as well as turnover, job dissatisfaction, >decreased productivity and other workplace ills. And corporations >are beginning not only to notice, but to try to do something >abou... Free Essays on Job Stress Free Essays on Job Stress >JOB STRESS IN THE WORKPLACE > Negative stress is the kind that wears down a person's >ability to cope with even the most routine tasks. An individual >who is at the end of his or her rope develops a skewed perception >of reality and often begins to misconstrue things. While this >negative stress may have initially started out as positive >pressure, as in the case of a new job, the impact it carries with >it as it mutates into a negative presence can have grave >consequences upon one's physical and emotional being. These >considerations are so prevalent that some corporations have >implemented stress management courses to both address and >intercept the problem in one of the most commonly found places: >the work environment. > There is certainly enough to deal with in the workplace to >have the added pressure of stress. However, escaping >environmental stress on the job is about as easy as not >breathing: it just cannot be done. With that being the case, >people must learn how to harness that negative stress and turn it >into a more beneficial element or get rid of it altogether. >Contemporary employers have come to realize the inherent hazards >of work-related stress and how it directly affects job >performance and the ultimate bottom line. It >only stands to reason that if employees are pushed to the edge >physically, emotionally or mentally, they will not be able to >perform their duties with any reasonable proficiency. Because >job stress and the management of it > has become a focal point in the workforce, employers have >found it necessary to implement stress management plans in order >to once again harmonize the work environment. "HR managers now >recognize undue stress as a real factor in the onset of illness >as well as turnover, job dissatisfaction, >decreased productivity and other workplace ills. And corporations >are beginning not only to notice, but to try to do something >abou...

Essay on The Impact of the Affordable Care Act on North Carolinas Uninsured Population

Essay on The Impact of the Affordable Care Act on North Carolinas Uninsured Population Essay on The Impact of the Affordable Care Act on North Carolinas Uninsured Population Essay on The Impact of the Affordable Care Act on North Carolinas Uninsured PopulationTo date, the program â€Å"ObamaCare†, which requires every American to have health insurance, is very contradictory and discussed. During the presidential election, Barack Obama promised to make health insurance universal and accessible to all people. He fulfilled his promise by signing Affordable Care Act† in 2010, which became legal on 1 October 2013. Law aims to change the health care system of the USA.It is known that in 2008 the US budget lost $43 billion dollars due to uninsured citizens. Harvard Law School has estimated that 62% of personal bankruptcies in 2007 were caused by expensive medical bills. In addition, Congressional Budget Office (CBO) in 2011 informed that reform Obamacare would reduce the federal deficit in the US for nearly $150 billion dollars within 10 years, and a year later his predictions changed to $84 billion dollars over the same period. At the same time in troducing a new program within these 10 years, would cost federal budget about $1.7 trillion. The reform was started in 2010 after Congress supported Obamas bill (eHealth, 2014).There is no free health care in the USA, and its costs are the highest in the world. The new reform requires the vast majority of uninsured Americans buy insurance in 2014. People with low incomes are provided with government subsidies. However, the verdict of the Supreme Court has allowed a number of states not to expand the already existing system of health care to the poor Medicaid, as required by federal law. Thus, in many states there is a layer of citizens who are not enough poor to get help, and not rich enough to get subsidies for insurance.White House said in a press release that 24 states have decided not to expand the program Medicaid. Some states are so fixated on policy of Obamacare reform that they refused to extend the coverage of the program Medicaid, which could help many working families ge t insurance. As a result, 5.4 million people in these states remain uninsured. The administration estimated that the largest number of such citizens live in Texas 1.2 million people. It is followed by Florida (848,000), Georgia (478,000) and North Carolina (377,000). The White House believes that 4.6 million people will receive health insurance through Medicaid expansion in states, which have expanded it (eHealth, 2014).The program Obamacare obliges everybody to buy insurance, in case of unwillingness fine. This year it is $95 per person and up to $285 per family. Amount of the fine will increase by 2016 to $695 per person and up to $2,085 per family (eHealth, 2014). Many people disagree with such policy. According to polls, up to 25% of the uninsured are not going to buy health insurance. They believe that it is cheaper to pay a fine. Prices for insurance plans vary, depending on their type. There are 5 of them: Bronze, Silver, Gold, Platinum, Catastrophic. Each of them requires a different amount of the monthly payment (premium), with additional co-payment and deductibles. And the prices are not quite cheap (Schoen, 2010).The Affordable Care Act is meant to extend coverage to almost all 47 million nonelderly uninsured Americans, including the 1.6 million uninsured citizens of North Carolina. It was supposed that Medicaid would cover the most uninsured, low-income people and legal immigrants who have lived in the USA for at least five years.   But in 2012, the US Supreme Court, in National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius, 132 S. Ct. 2566, made a decision that this mandatory Medicaid expansion was coercive to the states unconstitutionally. According to this decision the Medicaid expansion is a voluntary choice of each state.The number of Americans who get Medicaid coverage was supposed to increase in January 1, 2014, not considering if the state expands Medicaid to cover the newly insured people. It happened because before that some citizens of North Carolina are currently eligible, but are not enrolled yet. Some of them will prefer to enroll in 2014 or later, as they get to know about the new insurance coverage options that will be offered according to the ACA. Thus, the woodwork population will increase the Medicaid enrollment regardless of whether the state chooses to expand Medicaid. In case the state, under legislation from the North Carolina General Assembly decides to expand Medicaid eligibility, a great number of North Carolinians will become newly eligible in 2014.Now, in order to qualify for Medicaid, a man must be a citizen or lawful permanent immigrant in the USA for not less than five years and must meet definite categorical, income, and resource requirements. The program Medicaid is usually limited to kids from poor families, or pregnant women or those who have dependent kids under the age of 19 living with them (eHealth, 2014). Elderly people (65 and older) and disabled are also limited by this program. In case the individual meets these categorical eligibility rules, his income must be below a certain amount threshold and have limited resources or assets to qualify. Such categories as childless, nonelderly, and nondisabled adults are not currently qualified for Medicaid despite their income (See Figure 1.) Due to such eligibility limits, North Carolina’s Medicaid program covered only 30% of all poor adult population of the state whose incomes are more than 100% of the federal poverty level (FPL) in 2010-2011 (CBS, 2013).In the past, Medicaid didn’t cover adults because eligibility was limited to specific categories of low-income people, including children and their parents, pregnant women, the elderly, or disabled people. Almost in all states of the USA, adults who did not have dependent children were ineligible for Medicaid, despite their income level, and income restrictions for such parents were rather low (less than the half the poverty level).  The aim of ACA is to fill in these gaps by extending Medicaid to almost all nonelderly people with incomes at or less than 138% of poverty ($32,500 for a family of four people in 2013).In North Carolina, which don’t implement the expansion of Medicaid program eligibility for adults will stay rather limited (it is shown by the dark blue shading in Figure 1). Now in North Carolina, Medicaid eligibility for non-disabled people is limited only to parents whose incomes are less than 43% of poverty, or $10,100 per year for a family of four people, so parents who don’t have dependent children stay ineligible despite of their income (Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act, 2013).According to the ACA, in North Carolina, more than four in ten (42%)  uninsured non-elderly individuals are eligible for financial aid in obtaining coverage (Figure 2). One of the key ways for uninsured people to get coverage is the new coverage option in the state which is called Marketplace. Currently almos t 513,000 (every third person) uninsured North Carolinians are qualified for premium tax credits to assist them in buying the coverage in the Marketplace (The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, 2014).Despite the fact that Medicaid eligibility is not expanding though the state, some uninsured citizens are eligible for Medicaid in 2014. Reflecting higher eligibility levels for kids than for grown up population, the majority (77%) of uninsured North Carolina citizens who are eligible for Medicaid consist of kids who are already eligible but not yet enrolled in coverage. Rather small number of uninsured grown up people (2% of the uninsured in North Carolina) is eligible for Medicaid in the state under eligibility pathways in place before the Affordable Care Act. The lack of knowledge about eligibility and historic enrollment barriers prevent a part of population from enrollment in the program (The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, 2014).North Carolina has 319,000 adults without insuran ce (20% of the uninsured in the state) who could be eligible for Medicaid if North Carolina expand fall into the coverage gap. All these people are all below the poverty line and that is why have extremely limited incomes.   Since these people do not receive an affordable coverage option as a part of the ACA, they will probably remain uninsured Obamacare Info for North Carolina, 2014).The Affordable Care Act will help a lot of currently uninsured citizens in North Carolina receive health coverage, but at the same time many of those who could have got financial assistance as a part of Medicaid expansion will still remain outside its reach. Later, the impact of the Affordable Care Act will depend on take-up of coverage among the eligible uninsured people, and outreach and employment efforts will be a key factor in determining the affects of the law at the uninsured rate in North Carolina. The Act requires most people get health coverage, but some individuals (those with the lowest i ncome or those with no an affordable option) are not liable and others may again stay uninsured (The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, 2014).

Free Essays on Environment Commentary

Albert Schweitzer’s article on ‘The Problem of Ethics’ comments on people’s disregard for nonhuman life. Through his poetical style of writing Schweitzer not only comments on the matter, but also strives to inspire others to follow his lead. Although I can understand how many readers would fancy Schweitzer’s style of writing, personally I felt unlinked to any real engagement. His writing is too abstract and goes overboard with metaphorical representations. For instance when commenting on the reverence of life ‘it makes us above perception of the world of objects and makes us into the tree that is safe from drought because it is planted by water’. This and many other rather dreamy illustrations drift away from realism and in turn drift the reader’s attention away from the text. Despite Schweitzer’s style of expression, his ideas on the issue are nevertheless thought provoking. What I particularly found to be intriguing was his commentary on human beings choosing to kill some animals and not others, ‘whoever picks up a bird fallen from the nest finds himself having to kill small living creatures in order to feed his ward’. This idea astonished me because it never occurred to me that we as humans tend to place value on certain animals more than others. How can we so easily squash a fly and hold campaigns to save the white tigers? This suggestion is similar to the broader issue presented in the article of how we validate killing human beings as unethical and think nothing of killing many other creatures. Although I agree with this pattern of thought to some degree, I am not fully convinced that it is unethical to kill all nonhuman creatures. I without a doubt believe it is horrifying to hunt and kill animals for leisure, yet I am not about to stop using pesticides. I justify my perspective by the fact that many insects can carry germs and diseases, but also recognise the flaw in my argument that human... Free Essays on Environment Commentary Free Essays on Environment Commentary Albert Schweitzer’s article on ‘The Problem of Ethics’ comments on people’s disregard for nonhuman life. Through his poetical style of writing Schweitzer not only comments on the matter, but also strives to inspire others to follow his lead. Although I can understand how many readers would fancy Schweitzer’s style of writing, personally I felt unlinked to any real engagement. His writing is too abstract and goes overboard with metaphorical representations. For instance when commenting on the reverence of life ‘it makes us above perception of the world of objects and makes us into the tree that is safe from drought because it is planted by water’. This and many other rather dreamy illustrations drift away from realism and in turn drift the reader’s attention away from the text. Despite Schweitzer’s style of expression, his ideas on the issue are nevertheless thought provoking. What I particularly found to be intriguing was his commentary on human beings choosing to kill some animals and not others, ‘whoever picks up a bird fallen from the nest finds himself having to kill small living creatures in order to feed his ward’. This idea astonished me because it never occurred to me that we as humans tend to place value on certain animals more than others. How can we so easily squash a fly and hold campaigns to save the white tigers? This suggestion is similar to the broader issue presented in the article of how we validate killing human beings as unethical and think nothing of killing many other creatures. Although I agree with this pattern of thought to some degree, I am not fully convinced that it is unethical to kill all nonhuman creatures. I without a doubt believe it is horrifying to hunt and kill animals for leisure, yet I am not about to stop using pesticides. I justify my perspective by the fact that many insects can carry germs and diseases, but also recognise the flaw in my argument that human...

Italian Neo Realism and the Movie Rome Open City Review

Italian Neo Realism and the Rome Open City - Movie Review Example 45-87). This paper discusses Italian neo realism and its portrayal in the movie Rome Open City in a concise and comprehensive way using the sources mentioned in the list of Works Cited. Adair (pp. 45-87) discusses that the liberalization of the economy and the relaxation of political controls coincided with the Italian entry into the Second World War in June 1940 on the side of Germany. The situation in Italy, by 1940, was one of ideological and political uncertainties, and in part, for these reasons, of artistic possibilities. Armstrong (pp. 78-99) discusses that De Sica's I bambini ci guardano/The Children Are Watching Us (1942) and Visconti's Ossessione/Obsession (1943), variously regarded as the 'first' neo-realist films, and perhaps, the 'first' anti-fascist ones, were produced by private companies with State subsidies and State approval. And, Rossellini's 'Fascist' war trilogy, made as war propaganda between 1941-1943, was described by him as 'neo-realist', as much neo-realist as his antifascist Roma citta aperta/Rome Open City (1945). If the issue was ideology or economy, the Fascist Party or the interests of industry, it was the latter not the former that prevailed (Armstrong, pp. 78-99). By 1943, Fascism was no longer supported by Italian capitalism. On the contrary, it was pushed aside. Fascism had become a danger. It was no longer a protection against social disorder, but the cause of disorder, no longer an instrument for economic development, but a hindrance to development. The class that had helped brings Fascism into being, now acted to eliminate it. Mussolini was overthrown by a coup within the Fascist leadership encouraged by conditions created by the Allied military advance, and not by the 'people' (Armstrong, pp. 78-99). He was replaced by an officer in the Fascist High Command, Marshal Badoglio. The dates of Italian neo-realist cinema roughly correspond to the fall of Fascism in 1943 up until the consolidation of the first postwar Italian government under the Christian Democrats (Dc) around 1951 [the Dc came to power in 1948]. But the features of Italian neo-realism are not at all clear (Armstrong, pp. 78-99). Neo-realism was a tendency more than it was a definite aesthetic. Some films were more neo-realist than others. None were ever purely neo-realist. Neo-realism was an ideal toward which certain films approached in varying degrees of closeness. What is most important is to indicate the conditions that made neorealist cinema possible, then impossible, rather than to attempt to define it. The dominant cinema in Italy in the 1930s--the cinema associated with Fascism--was a commercial genre cinema. Most films screened in Italy came from America, nearly 80 per cent; most Italian films were modeled on American ones. It was logical that Italian films took American ones as their model. The Italian industry, with help from the Fascist State, sought to reconstruct itself and prosper (Munsterberg, pp. 673-76).

Privacy in a Digital Age Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Privacy in a Digital Age - Essay Example Lastly, the most disturbing revelation of lives becoming public is that with our lives going big and digital, they have also gone empty and shallow. Life in this age has neither the comfort nor the warmth of a simple lifestyle which prevailed a few years back. Thus, opening the shutters of one’s private space and allowing the world to barge in is perhaps a deliberate and desperate attempt to create illusions of a happy and satisfied life. The recent years have witnessed a change in the attitude of people towards their work and career choices. Earlier, jobs were mainly considered as a means to earn money and lead a comfortable life. On the contrary, today people demand quality in their work along with a handsome package, which will aid them to glide through the ladder of success. As Sun Microsystems CEO Scott McNealy quite famously declared some time ago, â€Å"Privacy is dead, deal with it.† People today are so short of time that sometimes they do not even have a privat e life! A major chunk of a person’s life is spent in the public eye, and thus the question for an uninterrupted personal life is nothing but a vague cloud in a clear sky. Work-related matters are eating up the hours meant for spending quality time with the loved ones. On the other hand, the situation in previous years was in complete opposition. Personal and family life was given the first priority as people were not exposed to the joys of a modern lifestyle and thus, were not so ambitious. Moreover, the definition of privacy has changed in the present age. Today, personal information is given out at the drop of a hat. As mentioned in the JWT White Paper a few years back, â€Å"Citizens of modern societies live in a world of digital data, generating an information trail as they e-mail, shop with loyalty cards, surf the Web, and make wireless calls (WPP)†. This is nothing short of invasion of privacy, but is not noticed anymore. Talking about changing perceptions toward s privacy, the major devil is the internet. One can chat face-to-face with a stranger and post personal pictures on a public portal for the world to see. In midst of this structure of a never-ending social party, expecting any degree of privacy is nothing more than wishful thinking. As Simson Garfinkel writes in his book Database Nation, â€Å"We know our privacy is under attack. The problem is that we don’t know how to fight back (MSNBC).† This is exactly the dilemma which people today are facing as inhabitants of an overtly mechanized society. Whereas earlier, photographs used to be considered as the most vivid and intimate accounts of personal moments shared with special people, they have been stripped down to mere artwork put up for display. The most daunting outcome of the ailing condition of privacy is the brutal death of secrets. When personal lives are put up on display through social networking sites and one is constantly in contact with numerous people who kn ow as much about them as an illiterate knows a book, the idea of keeping things personal appears obsolete. Unlike this situation, in previous years people used to fiercely guard their private lives and the most personal issues were shared only with a handful of people. However, the temptation of telecasting one’s lives is so alluring that all other facets of real life appear vague. The internet has turned people into public mannequins which are on display all the

Response Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Response - Movie Review Example Such books are preserved in the forbidden library, as they would question the authority of the church. One of the key ways through which Umberto Eco compares Brother Williams to Sherlock Holmes is through the assessment of the murders of the monks. In the contemporary setting, Sherlock Holmes was a brilliant detective who understood the inner workings of various aspects about the killers. Williams was able to think outside the box and as well, solve mysterious deaths that no one else would have solved.1 Using such an approach, although Brother William was not a detective by nature, his ability to see through crime in a way that most people would not makes him more like Sherlock Holmes. Bringing in the concept of the supernatural, such as demons, also makes this film more like Sherlock Holmes, as the detective was in a mysterious island, whose inner workings were unclear to humans, but were more of a supernatural nature. Reason is the key strategy of any investigation. Bearing in mind that most people do not have a clue on the inner workings of a murder case, because they have little, if any connection with the murderer, using reason is one of the ways through which such mysteries can be solved. Brother Williams was willing to reason and see beyond the trees, to view the forest. In short, he used the various simple details of a case to create a hypothetical bigger picture, which was much closer to the actual truth. The book is very educational, highly intuitive and a suspense filled packet of

Children's Defense Fund Cradle to Prison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Children's Defense Fund Cradle to Prison - Essay Example 2). The â€Å"Cradle to Prison† pipeline was revealed to be hosted by The University of Houston Law School to address crucial issues affecting American children, particularly to achieve the goal of showing â€Å"leaders on all levels the growing need for a partnership with America's children ensuring that they have, safe housing, adequate education, mentorship-cultural programs, and universal healthcare† (Keeton, 2008, par. 2). The alarming numbers of children of going to prison have instigated immediate measures to inform the public of the dilemma, which, according to Edelman: "Adult's are what's wrong with children" (Keeton, 2008, par. 5). The importance of what you learned (So What?) As the program aimed to challenge American adults to address the alarming neglect for children, the message would be ineffective if no positive action is rendered upon the call. The importance of the message therefore is seen and determined in terms of the number and extent of assistance that is accorded by people who were made aware of the advocacies of the program.

The Crusades Saladin Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Crusades Saladin - Research Paper Example The paper "The Crusades Saladin" discusses The Crusades Saladin. Besides heavy casualties, the expeditions influenced its participants in their various aspects of life to adopt new mannerisms, foods, cultural outlooks, learning, and weapons. The Born á ¹ ¢alÄ Ã¡ ¸ ¥ al-DÄ «n YÃ… «suf ibn AyyÃ… «b in 1138, Saladin emerged as a powerful and most influential Muslim sultan of his time. During his reign, Saladin led troops in wars geared at regaining holy lands such as Jerusalem, which were lost during earlier battles. This was achieved by conquering and unifying warring factions before defeating King Richard I of England in the Third crusade. As such, Saladin is regarded as a great leader for his role in uniting and leading the Muslim world into crusades such as the battle of Hattin through to the Third Crusade. This paper illustrates the life of á ¹ ¢alÄ Ã¡ ¸ ¥ al-DÄ «n YÃ… «suf ibn AyyÃ… «b with regard to his rise to power, leadership, and crusades. Saladin’s heritage is subject to debate among historians who fail in consensus on his paternal family origins. Some describe him as a Kurd while others illustrate an Arab and Turkish ancestry. Saladin’s father, Najm ad-Din Ayyub was a warden at Tikrit fortress after rising in prominence as a wealthy Kurdish chief and a noble Muslim before Saladin was born. For this reason, Ayyub developed administrative skills that made him useful to the then ruler. Tikrit was a significant city as a scholars centre to both Christians and Muslims. The thirst for power and wealth saw Ayyub assist a rival leader.... However, the thirst for power and wealth saw Ayyub assist a rival leader, Imad ad-Din Zangi Lord of Mosul, after his defeat by offering them refuge in Tikrit. Similarly, Shirkuh, Saladin’s uncle was accused of murder, which forced Ayyub and his family to flee with his family on the same night the Saladin was born (Nicolle 10). In 1139, Saladin's family moved to Mosul where Zangi received them and proceeded to appoint Ayyub as the commander of his fortress in Baalbek, Syria as acknowledgement of his help. Saladin spent most of his early life in Baalbek following his father’s military career, which would later play a critical role in nurturing his leadership skills. Saladin’s early childhood education focused on religion, ethics, and culture, which involved learning Arabic, poetry, grammar, and formal prayers (Burhan). In addition, Saladin studied the Koran and the traditions of Prophet Muhammad as demanded in accordance to Islamic traditions. Over time, he was mai nly interested in learning Islamic principles concerning Christians and Jews owing to the prevalent barbaric crusades in Jerusalem. This interest can also be attributed to the day he was born as his family was exiled following the murder of a Christian by his uncle. Saladin failed to understand how Islam called for noble treatment of Christians and Jews even as they were involved in massacres in Jerusalem, in the name of crusades. In spite of the controversy surrounding the ill treatment of Muslims by Christians, Saladin was guided by Sufism, which sought for a higher spiritual life and closer intimacy with God. With great influences such as his father and uncle, Saladin grew up in a cultured environment of Damascus where he completed his education. It is indicated that Saladin got

Leventhals Illness Dimensions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Leventhals Illness Dimensions - Essay Example People by use of their common sense search for the meaning of somatic events and tend to attribute these events to a specific cause. According to Taylor, (1999), the presence of symptoms and also how a person interprets them affect his/her behavior. Equally important are the attributions which the person makes out of the symptoms being experienced. Research has shown that majority of the people seeking medication on not so serious symptoms are later diagonised to suffer from depression related illnesses. The explanation here is that the people interpret the symptoms to mean presence of physical diseases. Leventhal proposed five dimensions of illness in which illness experiences are organized. The five dimensions are: control and curability. Cause, Timeline, consequences and identity (Leventhal, Benyamini, Brownlee, Diefenbach, M. Leventhal, Miller, L., & Robitaille, 1997). A patient's perceptions of how they can control an illness and the possible out come changes their behavior. When administering treatment for illness perceptions the goal should be to influence behavior. In the (Development and Diversity. Vol. 4) it is noted that illness representations affect the measure a patient will take in order to adapt to an illness as his/her emotional responses. To adapt a patient may use escape-avoidance mechanisms and wishful thinking. This, illustrates that it is crucial for clinicians to examine individuals coping In reg

Children's Defense Fund Cradle to Prison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Children's Defense Fund Cradle to Prison - Essay Example 2). The â€Å"Cradle to Prison† pipeline was revealed to be hosted by The University of Houston Law School to address crucial issues affecting American children, particularly to achieve the goal of showing â€Å"leaders on all levels the growing need for a partnership with America's children ensuring that they have, safe housing, adequate education, mentorship-cultural programs, and universal healthcare† (Keeton, 2008, par. 2). The alarming numbers of children of going to prison have instigated immediate measures to inform the public of the dilemma, which, according to Edelman: "Adult's are what's wrong with children" (Keeton, 2008, par. 5). The importance of what you learned (So What?) As the program aimed to challenge American adults to address the alarming neglect for children, the message would be ineffective if no positive action is rendered upon the call. The importance of the message therefore is seen and determined in terms of the number and extent of assistance that is accorded by people who were made aware of the advocacies of the program.

Leventhals Illness Dimensions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Leventhals Illness Dimensions - Essay Example People by use of their common sense search for the meaning of somatic events and tend to attribute these events to a specific cause. According to Taylor, (1999), the presence of symptoms and also how a person interprets them affect his/her behavior. Equally important are the attributions which the person makes out of the symptoms being experienced. Research has shown that majority of the people seeking medication on not so serious symptoms are later diagonised to suffer from depression related illnesses. The explanation here is that the people interpret the symptoms to mean presence of physical diseases. Leventhal proposed five dimensions of illness in which illness experiences are organized. The five dimensions are: control and curability. Cause, Timeline, consequences and identity (Leventhal, Benyamini, Brownlee, Diefenbach, M. Leventhal, Miller, L., & Robitaille, 1997). A patient's perceptions of how they can control an illness and the possible out come changes their behavior. When administering treatment for illness perceptions the goal should be to influence behavior. In the (Development and Diversity. Vol. 4) it is noted that illness representations affect the measure a patient will take in order to adapt to an illness as his/her emotional responses. To adapt a patient may use escape-avoidance mechanisms and wishful thinking. This, illustrates that it is crucial for clinicians to examine individuals coping In reg

The challenge for a self regulatory organization arbitrator Essay Example for Free

The challenge for a self regulatory organization arbitrator Essay An effective arbitration system requires competent, impartial and just arbitrators who will discharge their duties with great care. It is essential for arbitrators to realize that the disputing parties consider them to be akin to judges and that their power in some respects exceeds that of the judges in the sense that with the exception of a few causes, their decisions cannot be reversed. Arbitrators should not only be impartial but they should also appear to be so. â€Å"In arbitration, even more than in court, not only must justice be done, but justice must also be seen to be done . † Ethical Responsibilities. Sometimes, the arbitrator’s position in respect of a dispute could lead to a conflict of interests. Whenever such an event occurs, the arbitrator has to appraise the Director of Arbitration in this regard or in the alternative the arbitrator may decline to sit on the arbitration panel. The reason for such stringency is that arbitrators, in the course of their work, decide on issues that are of immense importance to the disputing parties, who must at all times be assured that their dispute has been accorded the fairest hearing possible and that justice to the fullest extent possible has been rendered. Independence and Impartiality The concept of independence and impartiality occupies a central place in civil justice and both the Online Dispute Resolution or ODR service provider as well as the individual arbitrator must not only be independent and impartial but must also appear to be so. Further, they should not have any vested interests. Moreover, it should be necessary for individual arbitrators and mediators to strictly adhere to a code of professional ethics. Such a code of professional ethics should ensure that arbitrators and mediators reveal personal interests in the dispute. Further, it should ensure that the arbitrators and mediators avoid conflicts of interest. The extent of the job security and remuneration of third parties should be adequate to ensure neutrality. The ODR user should be granted access to information in respect of the compliance of the arbitrators and mediators with these requirements. Moreover, third party arbitrators and mediators should be allocated on a strictly random basis and no single party should be permitted to select a particular arbitrator or mediator . It is important to note that the rules of international arbitration require the arbitrators to be invariably impartial in their reasoning. Further, these arbitrators have to be independent of the parties involved in the arbitration. The rules however do not specify this applicability in practice and in this respect, Article 7 of the American Arbitration Association’s International Rules allows this impartiality to vary if the parties involved have agreed to so. This Article 7 states that â€Å"Unless the parties agree otherwise, arbitrators acting under these rules shall be impartial and independent. † In an inflexible manner, the ICC Rules provide that â€Å"every arbitrator appointed or confirmed by the Court must be and remain independent of the parties involved in the arbitration† and that they shall make disclosures accordingly . The London Court of International Arbitration makes it mandatory that arbitrators â€Å"be and remain at all times wholly independent and impartial, and shall not act as advocates for any party† . The UCITRAL states that â€Å"Any arbitrator may be challenged if circumstances exist that give rise to justifiable doubts as to the arbitrator’s impartiality or independence† . The process of arbitration entails an impartial, independent third party that considers the statements of the disputing parties prior to resolving the dispute by issuing a decision that is binding on all the parties involved in the dispute. This process is utilized in a wide range of disputes. Arbitrators are required to have better knowledge and better focussed expertise on the subject matter in comparison to the ordinary judges or jurors. Moreover, they should deal with the disputed matter with greater efficiency and logic. Due to these requirements, arbitral firms generally maintain information about prospective arbitrators and such information includes the specialised expertise of these arbitrators. However, in cases involving intellectual property, technical know-how though helpful may not always be desirable. Disputes arising out of contractual terms could differ and arbitrators having legal knowledge invariably have greater expertise than arbitrators without such knowledge. This explains the reason why parties always prefer a lawyer to be their arbitrator. In intellectual property matters the chances of a non legal person becoming an arbitrator are remote . In general, arbitration is characterized by parties who consent to use the process, privacy, the determination of the outcome by a third party, a legally binding and absolute process and the existence of narrow grounds on the basis of which an appeal can be made. Such hearings are usually less formal than court hearings and some forms of arbitration are conducted solely on the basis of documents and do not involve hearings . In A. S. M Shipping v. T. T. M. I it was held that in accordance with the precedent set by the European Court of Justice, the English law required the determiner of a bias to be fair minded and knowledgeable. In the case of Porter v. Magill the court created a test whereby it could be ascertained whether a fair minded, informed observer, â€Å"having considered the facts, would conclude that there was a real possibility that the Tribunal was biased. Trade Arbitrations, like the London Maritime Arbitrators Association of the LMAA, the Grain And Feed Trade Association or GAFTA, the Federation of Oils, Seeds and Fats Association or FOSFA, the London Metal Exchange or the LME, etc, constitute a major characteristic of London arbitration. A sizable amount of the world’s shipping and commodities trading utilize contract forms that specify London as the venue for trade arbitrations. The persons who are members of these arbitral bodies are required to possess widespread experience in the trade and at times they have to be active traders. Accordingly, in Rustal Trading Ltd v Gill Duffus SA one of the consultants of Rustal was being censured for his commercial character. The facts were that previously, one of the arbitrators had been embroiled in trade arbitration against him. While setting aside the challenge to this arbitrator, Moore-Bick J held that it could fairly be assumed that one of the reasons why the parties have agreed to trade arbitration is that they wish to have their dispute decided by people who are themselves active traders and so have direct knowledge of how the trade works. However, if the arbitrators themselves are to be active traders there is every likelihood that at least one member of the tribunal will at some time have had commercial dealings with one or both parties to the dispute. That is something which the parties must be taken to have had in mind . Conclusion The past two to three decades have been witness to the fact that disputes in international business have been resolved by international commercial arbitration. The success of this system is reflected in the resolution of important disputes that had their origin in the nationalization of oil concessions in the 1970s and 1980s, mammoth international construction projects such as the subterranean tunnel under the English Channel and crises brought about by incidents like â€Å"the French sinking of the Rainbow Warrior on its green peace mission. † Moreover, its success has been proved by the tremendous growth â€Å"in the number of arbitration centers, arbitrators and arbitrations . † The world of business has been subjected to tremendous growth with the result that it has become imperative to have in place a reliable and competent business disputes resolution mechanism. In general, businesses are partial to settling their differences in a manner that does not create animosity with the resultant hampering of their business relationship. Thus, arbitration, which entails rapid, pragmatic and efficient dispute resolution, is uniquely suited to such an endeavour. The process of arbitration differs from the usual judicial process as it is carried out by neutral arbitrators who are chosen by the disputing parties. Arbitration involves either one or three arbitrators and the particulars of the arbitration, like organization, arrangement, location and extent are incorporated in their contract. The arbitration clause, which contains these particulars, is in general agreed upon at the time of formulating the initial contract. The process of arbitration consists of a voluntary method of settling disagreements by obtaining a concluding and obligatory verdict from an unbiased third party regarding business disputes between parties. The value of this method is immeasurable in international business transactions which involve business parties who are on several occasions ignorant of the foreign legal systems . This essay examined the role of arbitrators in international trade disputes. The requirement that arbitrators should be impartial and independent had been analyzed by resorting to the decisions in relevant cases, scholarly journals and the United Kingdom’s Government’s Websites, which revealed that in the majority of the cases these arbitrators were functioning in an impartial and independent manner. The challenges faced by arbitrators and the court’s decisions have been discussed at length. International arbitrations are beset with a host of problems that are unique to such arbitrations; this situation arises due to the fact that opinion regarding what is deemed to be acceptable commercial practice differs from country to country. Due to the proclivity of the domestic courts to adopt a more or less laissez faire attitude, international arbitrations are to a large extent self-regulatory. In general, international arbitrations entail commercial disputes in construction, international sale of goods and commodities, and shipping . From the foregoing analysis it can be concluded that in the majority of the cases international arbitrators are impartial and independent. ? Bibliography 1. Arbitrator’s Manual. Available at http://www. nasd. com/ArbitrationMediation/ResourcesforArbitratorsandMediators/GeneralInformationandReference/ArbitratorsManual/EntireDocument/index. htm 2. A. S. M Shipping v. T. T. M. (2005). EWHC 2238. 3. Bank Mellat v Helleniki Technik (1984) QB 291. 4. Bank Mellat v GAA (1988) 2 LI 44. 5. Bazerman, Max H. , Farber, Henry S. Arbitrator Decision Making: When Are Final Offers Important? Industrial Labor Relations Review. Ithaca: Oct 1985. Vol. 39, Iss. 1; pg. 76. 6. Bremer Handles GmbH v EtsSoules e Cie (1985) 2 IR119. 7. David L Dickinson. A Comparison of Conventional, Final-Offer, and Combined† Arbitration for Dispute Resolution, Industrial Labor Relations Review. Ithaca: Jan 2004. Vol. 57, Iss. 2; pg. 288 8. Dezalay, Yves and Garth, Bryant. G. Dealing in virtue: International Commercial Arbitration and the Constitution of a transnational†¦1996, University of Chicago Press. ISBN: 0226144224. 9. Hammond v Bradford City Council (1970) 1 WLR 937. 10. Hornle, Julia. Online Dispute Resolution in Business to Consumer E – Commerce Transactions. Available at http://www2. warwick. ac. uk/fac/soc/law/elj/jilt/2002_2/hornle/ 11. http://fdcc. digitalbay. net/documents/Lanzone-SU04. htm 12. http://www. onlinedmc. co. uk/a_s_m_shipping_v__t_t_m_i. htm 13. IBA Guidelines on Conflicts of Interest in International Arbitration, available at http://www.sccinstitute. com/_upload/iba_guidelines_22_may_2004. pdf 14. Icori v KFTCIC Paris Court of Appeal 28 June 1991. 15. International Arbitration. Available at http://www. osec. doc. gov/ogc/occic/arb-98. html 16. Judicial Review: A Proposed Pre – action Protocol. A Lord Chancellor’s Department Consultation Paper. 2001. Department for Constitutional Affairs. Crown Copyright. Available at http://www. dca. gov. uk/consult/judrev/judrevanna. htm#anna1 17. LCIA to publish challenge decisions, 2006, available at http://www. lcia.org/PRINT/NEWS_print. html 18. Lerma, Jose Manuel Iborra. Worldwide Forum on the Arbitration of Intellectual Property Disputes: Geneva, 1994. World Intellectual Property Organization, p. 157-158. ISBN 9280504983. 19. Porter v. Magill (2002) AC 357. 20. Rustal Trading Ltd v Gill Duffus SA (2001). 1 Lloyds Law Reports 14. 21. SA Coppee Lavalin v Ken Ren (1994) 2 WLR 631. 22. Susan T Mackenzie. Compulsory Arbitration: The Grand Experiment in Employment, Industrial Labor Relations Review. Ithaca: Jul 1999. Vol. 52, Iss. 4; p. 648.

Concept of internal marketing

Concept of internal marketing The concept of internal marketing The concept of internal marketing is a tool that companies use within their workforce to communicate with their employees. Many company owners and authors of internal marketing believe this concept is as important to a companys survival as external marketing (communicating to customers). When communicating to employees this involves the communications of â€Å"corporate culture and goals, mission and vision statements, as well as personnel policies and procedures†. http://www.bnet.com/2410-13237_23-168356.html Internal marketing was introduced in the mid 1970s. This was initiated so companies could use the concept as a way of achieving consistent service quality. Internal marketing became known in the service marketing industry. The objective of this concept was to get a more improved performance from the employees who regularly dealt with customers. Although this concept began within the service marketing it has now broadened beyond and is included in many other companies and organisations. Ahmed and Rafiq authors of the book Internal Marketing: Tools and concepts for customer-focused management suggest that authors have many definitions of internal marketing and from studying the literature they have highlighted 5 main elements of the concept; Employee motivation and satisfaction Customer orientation and customer satisfaction Inter-functional co-ordination and integration Marketing-like approach to the above Implementation of specific corporate or functional strategies Employee motivation is a significant element of the concept, for many authors understand this to be the essence of what internal marketing to be. An employees attitude towards their own work place is believed to directly influence the value of the customer service that is given to consumers. This was summarised by Kusluvan (2003) â€Å"Internal marketing efforts are assumed to result in employee satisfaction, job involvement, work motivation, employee commitment, maximum employee effort on behalf of the organizations and customers, increased job performance, service-oriented behaviours and lower turnover which, in turn should improve service quality, customer satisfaction and loyalty† Kusluvan, S (2003) pg:42. There are many other definitions of internal marketing. Ahmed and Rafiq argue that the span of understanding about internal marketing from other authors is huge but vague in its limitations. One of the earlier studies by the author Berry, L (1974) believed that â€Å"effective internal marketing, which would contribute to effective marketing would require financially rewarding personnel, management commitment to sales training and self-development revision of personnel transfer policies and a redefinition of management in terms of helping people to achieve through work† (p.13). Berry along with Pasuraman (1991) later added another definition to the concept in their book Marketing services: Competing Through Quality by stating â€Å"Internal marketing is attracting, developing, motivating and retaining qualified employees through job-products that satisfy their needs. Internal marketing is the philosophy of treating employees as customers and it is the strategy of shaping job -products to fit human needs† (pg 26). These authors believed that there was a set of principles to treating employees fairly and motivating them. They also highlighted the belief that employee satisfaction was an important element of internal marketing. The definition by these authors stress the importance that employee satisfaction is needed in order to develop, motivate and retain the best and most qualified employees. From these two definitions given by Barry you can understand that the concept of internal marketing is a broad notion. The American Marketing Association have given a more simplistic and modern definition for the concept â€Å"marketing to employees of an organization to ensure that they are effectively carrying out desired programs and policies†. This definition doesnt give readers a breadth understanding of the concept. Unlike Berrys (1991) definition it doesnt justify how internal marketing can be achieved in the workplace and it also doesnt explain the ways in which employees are to be marketed to ensure the work carried out by them is effective and of a good standard. An important element of internal marketing as said earlier is motivation [motivating the work force]. Considered by many authors as the ‘grandfather of all definitions on internal marketing Grà ¶nroos (1994) created a definition which saw the efforts of motivating employees as very important. Grà ¶nroos had two previous definitions both created in 1981 which suggests that internal marketing is the selling of the firm to employees who are seen as the internal customers. Grà ¶nroos believed that â€Å"the higher employee satisfaction that will result will make it possible to develop a more customer-focused and market-oriented firm† (Cahill, 1996, p.4). Grà ¶nroos 1994 article looks into motivation and states that â€Å"the internal market of employees is best motivated for service mindedness and customer-oriented performance by an active, marketing-like approach, where a variety of activities are used internally in an active, marketing like and coordinated way† (Grà ¶nroos, 1994, p. 13). This definition, as well as Johnson and Seymours (1985) definition which explains internal marketing should â€Å"create an internal environment which supports customer consciousness and sales-mindedness†. Both definitions highlight the fact that internal marketing is about the service and sales mindedness of the customers. There are other recent definitions of the concept of internal marketing by Ballantyne (2000) which suggests that internal marketing â€Å"is a strategy for developing relationships between staff across internal organisational boundaries. This is done so that staff autonomy and know-how may combine in opening up knowledge generating processes that challenge any internal activities that need to be changed. The purpose of this activity is to enhance quality of external marketing relationships† (pg: 43). This definition emphasises the importance of the relationship between the staff and the organisation and how internal marketing is a strategy that will allow this relationship to become stronger. It also highlights the fact that building on the relationship can enhance the service quality and also their relationship with their external markets. To evaluate how affective internal marketing is with employees companies usually give staff seasonal or yearly surveys which they will us e to measure the affects of their internal marketing efforts. There are many answers to what can actually make a successful company. Some may say its the companys ability to adapt to the market or even a companys high level of customer retention and many believe successful companies are created from within the organisation. Communicating internally but affectively to your internal market (employees) many authors believe is an important attribute for company success, An article written in 2007 about the importance of internal marketing suggested thatâ€Å"Internal communications is traditionally viewed as the sole province of the Human Resources department,† and the article continued by stressing the importance that employees have over effective external marketing â€Å"When employees understand and commit to the value proposition of the company and its brands, external marketing becomes more effective, because the employees become product champions†. As the pace of the economy is fast changing and the recent recession has affected many companys survival, internal marketing grows increasingly important. Due to the recession and the increasing pace of change in the workforce, there has been news of many companys creating alliances with one another, merging with one another and also downsizing as a whole. During these hard times employee motivation is extremely important, especially if every employee is understandably beginning to have concerns about their own companys survival or their current job position. Organisations must instil within these employees some sort of strength and satisfaction that would mean that the employees would continue working and at a good level. Generally, a strategy that many companies use and one which coincides with Ballantynes (2000) definition is that companies â€Å"empower staff to build stronger customer relationship†. Internal marketing supports this strategy (or theory some might say) and suggests that through staff empowerment employees will drive for better understanding, they will have a deeper commitment to the relationship they hold with the organisation and as a result there will be greater involvement from the staff. While todays diverse work force becomes more complicated there are a few barriers which can possibly affect how internal marketing is kept within an organisation. In the book Internal marketing: directions for management, Varey R and Lewis B explain these barriers. The first and probably the most important barrier would be the employees and an organisations ‘resistance to change. Kotler (1990) believed that problems can occur from an organisations ‘built-in â€Å"resistance of management to change† (Percy and Morgan 1990). Managers often do not consider new ideas brought about their company, and this is because a change in the work place can bring forth an overall fear of concern about their job and future positions. Other barriers to internal marketing are ‘inter and intra functional conflict. Inter-functional conflicts often occur when a senior managers assumption of their organisational culture is ill-advised and as a consequence managers may become unaware of the issues and problems which affect prolific activities or â€Å"co-operation and integration† (pg: 78). Intra-functional conflicts are basically when one internal function fails to recognise another internal function. Intra-functional conflicts on the other hand are where the goals and objectives of the organisation and its departments are different to the individual and personal goals of employees. â€Å"It occurs because individuals have different goal, desires and ambitions, and will be submerged in different social spheres of interaction that will impact upon their overall attitude and behaviour†. (Pg: 79) If ever these barriers work in cohesion then it can spell big trouble for any organisation. Although the three chosen are seem as the major barriers affecting the use of internal marketing within an organisation there are also a few other problems which can affect successful implementation of the concept. 1, managerial incompetence 2, poor understand of the internal marketing concept 3, rigid organisational structure and 4, top members of staff treating employees like they are unimportant to the business. Anon (2007) Internal Marketing Kotler P, Bowen J and Makens J (2003) have stated 5 importances of internal marketing; Employees must have a customer service attitude Employees must understand your product Employees must be enthused about your product and your company There must be good communication between employees and management Employees must be able to identify and solve customer problems Marketing for Hospitality and Tourism 3e (2003) Generally employees of organisations, especially those who communicate directly with customers can have an influence on customer satisfaction. The authors suggest that these are 5 important features of internal marketing and in order for it to be affective organisations must aide in ensuring that employees behave in a desired manner expected of them from the organisation. Internal market in todays industry is needed because as Berry L Pasuraman A (1991) stated it serves as a â€Å"managerial philosophy† that a company deploys on to employees that in turn would teach the employees how to maintain good high standard of affective customer service. Within organisations employees are recognised as a major part of the capabilities that service organisations produce. â€Å"The popular view is that employees constitute an internal market in which paid labour is exchanged for designated outputs.† Fill C (2009) pg: 895. Fill suggests if the objective of an organisations internal market is kept then employees will reap the benefits through paid labour. Kotler P, Bowen J and Makens J (2003) have proposed that these are the four objectives of internal marketing; To ensure that employees are motivated for customer-oriented and service-minded performance. To retain good employees. To increase customer satisfaction To increase profitability Some may argue that the main objective of internal marketing is to retain suitable and efficient employee personnel. As a means of retaining these ideal employees, organisations develop motivated and customer-conscious staff which while working simultaneously and cohesively can work towards achieving absolute customer satisfaction. There is a philosophy in internal marketing that every action made within the organisation is oriented towards this sole purpose. As times and the economy change so would the process of internal marketing. The model above shows four steps of internal marketing. Some authors believe this model to be too vague and feel that the complexity of the internal market or many organisations cannot be met by four simple steps. Grà ¶nroos (1996) believes â€Å"The internal marketing process is not to be viewed as a process, which only moves in one direction from the top down. On the contrary, the process needs to be directed from and to every side of the organisation in order for it to be successful† As it is important that an organisations internal marketing objectives are met by its employees, an organisation will produce an internal environment that staff will need to function in to a desired way recommended to them by their company. In the article Internal Marketing (2007) it is written that there are four important areas within an organisations internal environment which are essential for the organisations internal market: Motivation Co-ordination Information Education Internal Marketing from engineer sood These four areas have come up many times in definitions by numerous authors and combined create the four objectives of internal marketing that organisational managers should be trying to reach from their employees. If these are reached then as a result the employees work would drive the profitability of the organisation to a positive and effective level. To conclude in many definitions you will read internal marketing being referred to as a concept that aims on â€Å" attracting, developing, motivating and retaining qualified employee† Berry Pasuraman (1991). In some other cases you will read that internal marketing is a philosophy whereby employees are treated as customers or even in some cases where organisations will basically teach employees a specific way of working in the work place and handling customers. Internal marketing has come a long way since it was first proposed in the service marketing industry in the 1970s. The role of marketing in general has undergone many changes. Organisations have begun networking with one another and members of organisations have begun sharing responsibilities and working as teams. Although many if not all definitions of the term ‘internal marketing can still be relevant to today, the concept in itself over the past 40 years has become one which is/will constantly change as long as the world of business changes. From a concept which first focused on supporting the consciousness and sales-mindedness of employees to one which broadens its scope and understands that the concept is much more profound and more complex to achieve good employee to customer service quality. Key words such as ‘relationships, or ‘motivate and philosophy are now being used in the more modern terms of the definition. J.N. Sheth suggests â€Å"motivation is what moves people. It is the driving force for all human behaviour or more formally, it is ‘the state of drive or arousal that impels behaviour toward a goal objective† (Sheth et al 1999). Indeed, motivating employees has continually been used by authors since the concept of internal marketing was initiated , and although motivating employees to work harder and more efficiently is seen to be very important, organisations also need to understand and create a way of making employees enjoy the work that they are doing. Content workforces which take pleasure in their work are understood to be more productive and affective, which in turn creates a better service and customer experience.Organisations must instil within these employees some sort of strength and satisfaction that would encourage the employees to continue working and at a good level. As the new age dawns many organisations have even used employees to help sell their company e.g. Halifax. Halifax adverts and many other adverts similar to this have used employees as a way of advertising to external customers about big internal changes to policies and procedures that the company may be having. You see adverts everywhere with pictures of employees holding offers or incentives from their company or maybe even different adverts where employees are actually talking to the camera. This can be seen as a form or a strategy used for internal marketing. As a good employee is as important to a company as the employer, employees may feel the need to get more involved with company actions and strategies. In the article Internal Marketing (2007) it was stated that one of the problems which could affect the successful implementation of internal marketing is the ignoring of an employees importance to the company and treating them like any other tool of the business. Companies such as The Carphone Warehouse have their own internal marketing strategy whereby they are accompanied by new employees on a weekend of training. On this expedition employees are taught how to deal with customers, they are given information about the company and objectives that the company and each individual employee are and should be trying to reach, they are taught many things about the products sold in the shops, how to deal with complaints and they are also taught ways in which they should act in the workplace (the rules and codes of conducts). Organisations which take on the strategy to market internally must have a clear and precise objective and mission. The objectives of the organisation must be very clear if it is to correspond with how managers internally market their company to employees. If objectives are clear there will be no confusion within the staff on how to do things and what to aim for. This will help the process of knowledge development of the employee by piecing together understanding and loyalty to individual development. As a personal definition of the term internal marketing one would define it as an internal culture created by the managers of an organisation. This culture allows employees to express their creativity and innovative selves to an extent where they still show responsibility and accountability. It is the selling of the ideals and objectives of the company to the employees so that they work harder towards the goal of ultimate success. Developing and motivating employees are strategies deployed to attain the best qualified staff which would allow organisations to reach set objectives. It is a concept which can be evaluated seasonally through surveys and observations of the employees. Internal marketing should be used to meet the expectations of customers, instead internal marketing should be used to exceed them.

The Life of William Shakespeare Essay examples -- Shakespeare

William Shakespeare was a very talented man known for his various works of literature. His works include poems, plays, and sonnets. His works are then broken down into tragedies, comedies, and histories. Shakespeare left this world centuries ago, but his writings continue to live throughout the world today. He has greatly impacted the world of literature and his existence will forever be remembered. In 1564, William Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon-Avon (Hazell 32). It seems that Shakespeare’s career began around the year 1592. This was a tough time for playwrights and actors. There was an outbreak of the bubonic plague which caused concerns for those wanting to watch because of being surrounded by those potentially carrying the disease, thus making it hard for the playwrights and actors to find work (â€Å"William Shakespeare.† 653-654). Not only was disease an obstacle William Shakespeare had to overcome in his work, he was also forced to face hampering from religious aspects as well. Leaders in the Puritan community looked down upon plays, acting, and other things of that nature. These authorities thought that these activities would sway people from focusing on the importance of practicing their religion. Plays and such were not allowed to be performed while in the city of London. They were banned. Eventually, despite all the obstructions, plays and theater came to be a popular thing although still forced outside the city (â€Å"The Changing Status...†). After overcoming the troubles of becoming an actor and a playwright, William Shakespeare has become well renowned. His works reach to people all around the world despite the language barriers and different races and cultures. For centuries, the popularity of his work... ... Co., 1919. 5. Print. Ellis, Jessica. â€Å"What are Shakespeare’s Comedies?† wiseGEEK. Conjecture Corp., 2003. Web. 31 Jan. 2012. Frye, Roland Mushat. Shakespeare’s Life and Times. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1967. 16. Print. Hazell, Rebecca. Heroes: Great Men Through the Ages. New York: Abbeville Press, N.d. 32. Print. McMillan, Eric. â€Å"Who Was the Greatest of All Writers?† The Greatest Authors of All Time. N.p. 2011. Web. 26 Jan. 2012. â€Å"Race – Introduction.† Shakespearean Criticism. eNotes.com. Gale Cengage, 2006. Web. 31 Jan. 2012. Schwartz, Debora B. â€Å"Shakespeare’s Plays: The Histories.† ENGL 339. N.p. 2002. Web. 31 Jan. 2012. â€Å"The Changing Status of Theater.† About.Com.Shakespeare. The New York Times Co., 2012. Web. 31 Jan. 2012. â€Å"William Shakespeare.† Encyclopedia Americana. Vol. 24. Danbury, CT: Grolier Inc., 1994. 652-654; 656. Print.